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...gauge field of electromagnetism is the [[electromagnetic field]]; and the gauge boson is the [[photon]]. ...Weak isospin is a local symmetry, whose [[gauge boson]]s are the [[W and Z bosons]]. ...

...radiation|light]], have been long recognized as spin-1 [[Gauge boson|gauge bosons]]. The polarization of the light is commonly accepted as its “intrinsic” sp ...the total [[Quantum electrodynamics|QED]] angular momentum and the Lorenz gauge condition have to be enforced. Finally, the direct observable part of spin ...

...n configuration space. Most of the quantitative physical predictions of a gauge theory can only be obtained under a coherent prescription for suppressing o ...lly, the search for [[logically consistent]] and computationally tractable gauge fixing procedures, and efforts to demonstrate their equivalence in the face ...

...ing theories, including those attempting to deduce the properties of Higgs bosons.<ref name="BaBar Data Suggests Possible Flaws in the Standard Model June 18 *''[[W and Z bosons#2022 mass measurement of the W boson|Anomalous mass of the W&nbsp;boson]]'' ...

}}</ref> Weak isospin and weak hypercharge are [[Gauge Theory|gauged]] in the [[Standard Model]]. ...so will interact in a particularly simple way with the [[W and Z bosons|W bosons]] (charged weak interactions violate flavour). On the other hand, a [[fermi ...

...gical scales. Another proposal is a new weak force mediated by [[W′ and Z′ bosons]]. ...otential can be described equivalently as exchange of vector and/or scalar bosons, that is a predicting as yet undetected new particles.<ref name=NewPhysicsA ...

=== Fermions and bosons === ...tion). Fermions obey the rules of [[Fermi–Dirac statistics]]. In contrast, bosons obey the rules of [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] and have no such restriction ...

|group = [[Gauge boson]] |title=Review of Particle Physics: Gauge and Higgs bosons ...

...n atoms. The [[Standard Model]] predicts that exchanged particles called [[gauge boson]]s are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed ...explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying [[gauge boson]]s. With the development of [[quantum field theory]] and [[general re ...

...te arXiv |author=Masakatsu, K. |year=2012 |title=Superradiance Problem of Bosons and Fermions for Rotating Black Holes in Bargmann–Wigner Formulation |eprin ...agnetic interaction. It does, however, correctly describe charged spinless bosons in the absence of other interactions. ...

...perature superconductivity]], [[topological phase]]s, and [[gauge symmetry|gauge symmetries]]. ...st=Greiter |first=Martin |arxiv=cond-mat/0503400 |title=Is electromagnetic gauge invariance spontaneously violated in superconductors? |date=16 March 2005 | ...

...''' by expressing the weak interaction as a [[chirality (physics)|chiral]] gauge interaction. Only the left-handed components of particles and right-handed ...

...se of [[Freeman Dyson]], were about [[Lorentz covariance|covariant]] and [[gauge-invariant]] formulations of quantum electrodynamics that allow computations | title=Broken Symmetry and the Mass of Gauge Vector Mesons ...

...re fermions (e.g. [[electron]]s and quarks), force fields whose quanta are bosons (i.e. photons and gluons) and a Higgs field whose quantum is the [[Higgs bo ...dition {{math|'''∇''' · '''A'''('''r''',''t'')}} satisfied for the Coulomb gauge{{dubious|date=May 2018}} in which we are working. ...

...d against a perfect vacuum, using an [[absolute scale]], so it is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.}} ...ach other without limit. Examples include photons, gluons, gravitons, weak bosons, and the Higgs boson. The spin of a boson is always an integer, such as 0, ...

...792458|m/s|mi/s|disp=out|sigfig=6}}). The photon belongs to the class of [[bosons]].}} ...untry. Industries in British English-speaking countries typically use the "gauge" spelling.</ref> is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure. ...