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{{Short description|Gauge theory with affine connections}} ...n theory]] when <math>X</math> is a [[world manifold]] and, in particular, gauge theory of the [[fifth force]]. ...

...gauge field of electromagnetism is the [[electromagnetic field]]; and the gauge boson is the [[photon]]. Various charge quantum numbers have been introduced by theories of [[particle physics]]. These include the charges of the [[Standard Model] ...

In [[gauge theory|gauge theories]] the gauge fields couple to conserved currents. For example, the [[electromagnetic fie ...

{{Short description|Gauge fixing of electro magnetic potential}} ...ge condition does not completely determine the gauge: one can still make a gauge transformation <math>A^\mu \mapsto A^\mu + \partial^\mu f,</math> where <ma ...

...on|Procedure of coping with redundant degrees of freedom in physical field theories}} ...n configuration space. Most of the quantitative physical predictions of a gauge theory can only be obtained under a coherent prescription for suppressing o ...

...metries]] also result in conserved quantities. For example, the [[U(1)]] [[gauge transformation]] of [[Quantum electrodynamics|QED]] implies the conservatio ...nature, chiral symmetry is at best an approximate symmetry in fundamental theories, and the axial current is not conserved. (Note: this [[explicit symmetry br ...

...ons can be simplified by [[gauge fixing]]. A common choice is the [[Lorenz gauge condition]]: with the Lorenz gauge condition ...

Speculative theories with more than one time dimension have been explored in physics. The additi ...ension/ Subscription link])</ref><ref>Itzhak Bars; "U*(1,1) noncommutative gauge theory as the foundation of 2T-physics in field theory", ''Phys. Rev.'' D ...

! [[Gauge transformation]] ...eld theories like [[general relativity]] or [[Yang–Mills theory|Yang–Mills theories]], the basic field equations are highly nonlinear and exact solutions are o ...

...e of a [[vector field]], i.e. a 1-dimensional (rank-1) tensor field. Field theories, mathematical descriptions of how field values change in space and time, ar ...l examples of [[Classical field theory|classical fields]]. Classical field theories remain useful wherever quantum properties do not arise, and can be active a ...

{{Short description|Theories trying to extend known physics}} ...Model is inconsistent with that of [[general relativity]], and one or both theories break down under certain conditions, such as [[Gravitational singularity|sp ...

...principles that relate these phenomena. These patterns are called physical theories or, when they are very well established and of broad use, physical laws or ...mathematical methods for such applications and the formulation of physical theories. ...

Classical physics theories describe three [[size|physical dimension]]s: from a particular point in [[s ...ly called [[M-theory]] which subsumes five previously distinct superstring theories. [[Supergravity theory]] also promotes 11D spacetime = 7D hyperspace + 4 co ...

with the [[Lorenz gauge condition]]: The generalization of the [[Lorenz gauge condition]] in curved spacetime is assumed: ...

...orce''' to explain various anomalous observations that do not fit existing theories. The characteristics of this fifth force depend on the hypothesis being adv ...due to two discoveries in [[cosmology]] which are not explained by current theories. It has been discovered that most of the mass of the universe is accounted ...

...ICT projects, and provided critiques of the information indicators used to gauge and justify informatization projects. ...lorAndZang2007>Taylor, Richard and Bin Zhang. Measuring the impact of ICT: Theories of Information and Development. (2007). Retrieved October 10, 2011, from ht ...

...T. |title=A history of the theories of aether & electricity. 2: The modern theories, 1900 - 1926 |date=1989 |publisher=Dover Publ |isbn=978-0-486-26126-3 |edit ...[[Robert Mills (physicist)|Robert Mills]], Yang developed a [[non-abelian gauge theory]] based on the conservation of the nuclear [[isospin]] quantum numbe ...

== Relation to other quantities and theories == ...p. 7]</ref> Esposito generalized it from matter particles to [[Gauge boson|gauge particles]], in particular [[photon]]s, for which he showed that, if modell ...

|group = [[Gauge boson]] |title=Review of Particle Physics: Gauge and Higgs bosons ...

...tion between electromagnetic waves and light in 1861, thereby unifying the theories of [[electromagnetism]] and [[optics]]. | Potentials (any [[Gauge theory|gauge]]) ...