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...TNO nu", G.A. van de Schootbrugge, [[Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research|TNO]], 1985, {{ISBN|9789067430692}} [[Category:Historical scientific instruments]] ...

...here are many different types, ranging from historical handmade mechanical instruments to high-precision electronic devices. Modern electrometers based on [[vacuu == Historical electrometers == ...

{{Short description|Scientific instrument demonstrating electric charge}} Scientific investigation of the phenomena of lightning originates with [[Benjamin Fran ...

...multi|historical accounts of the development of science|History of science|historical accounts of the development of technology|History of technology|approaches ...studies the cultural, economic, and political impacts of and contexts for scientific practices. ...

...in [[money]] units, is related to [[Productivity improving technologies (historical)|achievements in technological consumption of labour and energy]]. This th ...ed., 1998; the second ed.: 2008).</ref><ref>B.C. Beaudreau, Energy rent. A scientific theory of income distribution. New York, Lincoln, Shanghai: iUniverse, Inc. ...

...e allowed access, measures which indicate the importance attached to these instruments. The ''Beagle'' voyage succeeded, for the first time, in establishing a li ...006.1957</ref><ref>Lincoln P. Paine, "HMS Hecla", ''Ships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia'', pp.237-238, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1997 {{ISBN|0-395-71556-3 ...

| genre = {{hlist|Non-fiction|[[treatise]]|[[scientific writing]]}} # Electrostatic Instruments. ...

...saude-vincent">{{cite book |last=Bensaude-Vincent |first=Bernadette |title=Instruments and Experimentation in the History of Chemistry |date=2000 |publisher=Massa ...stries a set of hydrometers is used (1.0&ndash;0.95, 0.95&ndash;.) to have instruments covering the range of specific gravities that may be encountered. ...

...at (1852–59). Starting in 1855 [[Ignazio Porro|I. Porro]] began developing instruments for photogrammetry. A. Meydenbauer brought architectural photogrammetry to ...=November 2003 |title=Estimates of Little Ice Age Climate Inferred through Historical Rephotography, Northern Uinta Mountains, U.S.A |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.16 ...

{{Main article|Benjamin Franklin#Inventions and scientific inquiries}} ...unders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-03-02-0055 |publisher=[[National Historical Publications and Records Commission]] |access-date=July 15, 2015 |archive-u ...

...institutions could make plans for future developments. However, not all of historical data can be used for technology forecasting, forecasters also need to adopt ...antage of Delphi method. Extrapolation can work well with enough effective historical data. By analyzing the past data, forecaster extend the past development te ...

...ect may be an expansion of past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior proje ...|marketing]], [[practitioner research]], life, [[technological]], etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as [[metascience|meta-research]]. ...

...ling for airtight conditions is used in [[archives|archiving]] significant historical items. In 1951, The [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]], [[Uni ...author = Loughborough Glass Co., Ltd. | journal = Journal of Scientific Instruments | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 38 |bibcode = 1957JScI...34...38L }}< ...

...not begin in earnest until the 18th century, when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of [[electricity]]. ...hat became the most popular form of influence machine, was reported to the scientific community by 1883, although previous machines with very similar structures ...

...or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method '''b:''' such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with *[[Applied science]] – application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment. ...

...tecture, technical art history and other cultural works through the use of scientific inquiry. General areas of research include the technology and structure of Prior to thorough scientific analysis, a detailed visual assessment of the object, heritage site, or art ...

...[[printing press]] and [[computer]]s have helped shape society. The first scientific approach to this relationship occurred with the development of [[tektology] ==Pre-historical== ...

=== Historical origin === "Low-tech" has been more and more employed in the scientific writings, in particular in the analyzes of the work from some authors of th ...

...wright2000>{{cite book |last=Cartwright |first=David Edgar |title=Tides: A Scientific History |year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=74 |url=http ...ce".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Space, ''Time'', and Gravitation|journal=The Scientific Monthly|volume=10|author=Wilson, Edwin B.|editor= Cattell, James McKeen |ye ...

Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century. [[William Gilbert (astronom ...ternating%20current%20%20Charles%20Steinmetz&pg=PA329|title=Mathematics in Historical Context|first=Jeff|last=Suzuki|date=27 August 2009|publisher=MAA|via=Google ...