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...12| last = Chapman| first = S.| title = The electrical conductivity of the ionosphere: A review| journal = Il Nuovo Cimento (1955-1965)| accessdate = 2023-07-16| ==Role in the Ionosphere== ...

...can propagate]] in the space between the ground and the boundary of the [[ionosphere]]. Because the ionosphere contains [[charged particles]], it can behave as a [[Electrical conductor|c ...

* development of theoretical substantiation of [[lithosphere]]-[[ionosphere]] coupling through the [[acoustics|acoustic]] and atmospheric [[gravity wav ...scientific concept and realization plan of the ground-spatial experiments “Ionosphere” and “Potential” were developed. Technical documents substantiating the abo ...

...e distance to the conducting layer—which R. Watson-Watt proposes naming "[[ionosphere]]"—by measuring the time needed for a radio signal to bounce back. ...in the Earth's magnetic field, evidence that O+ ions are pulled out of the ionosphere and accelerated ...

...e from their lightning source without major [[attenuation]] in the [[Earth–ionosphere waveguide]], and can be received thousands of kilometres from their source. When the electromagnetic energy from a sferic escapes the Earth-ionosphere [[waveguide]] and enters the [[magnetosphere]], it becomes [[dispersion (op ...

...o signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere, while temperature and pressure data was encoded in the duration of radio b ...

...as meant to study the properties of radio wave distribution throughout the ionosphere. The launch of Sputnik 1 was a major step in the exploration of space and ...t=David K. |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/ch2.htm |title=Beyond The Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication |publisher=[[NASA]] History Office ...

...ely biased higher altitude section of the bare tether, and returned to the ionosphere at the lower altitude end. This flow of electrons through the length of th ...th>V_\mathrm{cathode}</math>). The KVL voltage loop is then closed in the ionosphere where the potential difference is effectively zero. ...

...phere, from {{convert|80|to|550|km}} above Earth's surface, contains the [[ionosphere]]. ...uroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere. The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the [[magnetosphere]]. It has practical importance ...

! style="text-align:left" | Ionosphere ...

*The [[ionosphere]] ...is a plasma,<ref>{{cite book |last=Kelley |first=M. C. |title=The Earth's Ionosphere: Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics |date=2009 |publisher=Academic Press |i ...

...of the highly conductive [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] in a cosmic body's [[ionosphere]] through its [[magnetic field]]. In their book, ''Cosmical Electrodynamics ...

...rrent|DC]] (ultralow-frequency [[geophysics]] involving the entire Earth-[[ionosphere]] waveguide) through [[microwaves]] (radar signature technology, [[Antenna ...son and Taflove independently introduced FDTD modeling of the global Earth-ionosphere waveguide for extremely low-frequency geophysical phenomena.<ref name="haya ...

[[Ionosphere]] – ...

...these bands can travel intercontinental distances by reflecting off the [[ionosphere]] using [[skywave]] or "skip" propagation, shortwave is used by internation ...es in the [[microwave]] band are used, since microwaves pass through the [[ionosphere]] without [[refraction]], and at microwave frequencies the [[high-gain ante ...

...dio reflecting layer in the Earth's atmosphere in 1902, later called the [[ionosphere]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Victor L. Granatstein |title=Physical Principles ...

...pilot beam transmitter. The long-term effects of beaming power through the ionosphere in the form of microwaves has yet to be studied, but nothing has been sugge ...

...w.britannica.com/science/ionosphere-and-magnetosphere/Magnetosphere |title=Ionosphere and magnetosphere |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclop ...re and especially the magnetotail, directed along field lines into Earth's ionosphere, where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized, causing the [[Aurora ( ...

...here]]; [[atmospheric electricity|electricity]] and [[magnetism]] in the [[ionosphere]] and [[magnetosphere]] and solar–terrestrial relations; and analogous prob ...