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...such as classical electromagnetism, fluid mechanics, magnetohydrodynamics, thermodynamics, and more generally systems described by [[hyperbolic partial differential == Thermodynamics == ...

...path permeable to [[heat]]. Thermal equilibrium obeys the [[zeroth law of thermodynamics]]. A system is said to be in thermal equilibrium with itself if the tempera ....H., Yngvason, J. (1999). The physics and mathematics of the second law of thermodynamics, ''Physics Reports'', '''314''..a': 1–96, p. 55–56.</ref> ...

{{Thermodynamics|expanded=Potentials}} ...ergy''') is a [[thermodynamic potential]] that measures the useful [[work (thermodynamics)|work]] obtainable from a [[closed system|closed]] [[thermodynamic system]] ...

...Konstantinov]] and [[V. I. Perel]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Field theory of non-equilibrium systems|last=Kamenev|first=Alex|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Pr ...n the system. The main mathematical object in the Keldysh formalism is the non-equilibrium [[Green's function]] (NEGF), which is a two-point function of particle fiel ...

{{Thermodynamics|expanded=Potentials}} ...e [[maximum]] amount of [[Work (thermodynamics)|work]], other than [[Work (thermodynamics)#Pressure–volume work|pressure-volume work]], that may be performed by a [[ ...

In [[chemical thermodynamics]], '''excess properties''' are [[List of thermodynamic properties|propertie ...ichard | author2=Lira, Carl T. | title = Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics | publisher = [[Prentice Hall]] | year = 2012 | location = [[Upper Saddle R ...

==Thermodynamics== {{Main|History of thermodynamics}} ...

{{Thermodynamics}} ...ned in terms of [[microscopic]] constituents by [[statistical mechanics]]. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in [[science]] and [[engineering]], esp ...

{{Thermodynamics|expanded=Potentials}} ...y]], etc.). The change in the free energy is the maximum amount of [[Work (thermodynamics)|work]] that the system can perform in a [[Thermodynamic process|process]] ...

{{Thermodynamics|expanded=Potentials}} ...the law of [[conservation of energy]], a foundation of the [[first law of thermodynamics]]. ...

==Thermodynamics of surface stress== ...

{{Thermodynamics|cTopic='''[[Material properties (thermodynamics)|Material properties]]'''}} In [[thermal physics]] and [[thermodynamics]], the '''heat capacity ratio''', also known as the '''adiabatic index''', ...

* [[Thermodynamics]] – the branch of physical science concerned with heat and its relation to ** [[History of thermodynamics]] – history of the branch of physical science concerned with heat and its r ...

::[[Thermodynamics]] ::[[Laws of thermodynamics]] ...

In [[thermodynamics]], the '''Joule–Thomson effect''' (also known as the '''Joule–Kelvin effect |title=Fundamentals of Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics ...

...nt''' (or '''critical state''') is the end point of a phase [[Equilibrium (thermodynamics)|equilibrium]] curve. One example is the liquid–vapor critical point, the e ...Chemistry (Benjamin/Cummings 1982), p. 27.</ref><ref>P. A. Rock, Chemical Thermodynamics (MacMillan 1969), p. 123.</ref> ...

...rinciple of energetics]] in [[Open system (systems theory)|open system]] [[thermodynamics]], where an example of an open system is a biological cell. According to [[ ...f thermodynamics are not competent to furnish. The two fundamental laws of thermodynamics are, of course, insufficient to determine the course of events in a physica ...

...f the bulk motion of the body are separately accounted for. [[First law of thermodynamics|Internal energy]] diffuses as rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and [[molec ==Zeroth law of thermodynamics== ...

According to the [[laws of thermodynamics]], primary energy sources cannot be produced. They must be available to soc ...tricity and mechanical energy production is limited by [[Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)|Carnot's theorem]], and generates a lot of [[waste heat]]. Other non-therm ...

...Sears and Salinger, 1975: Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory, and Statistical Thermodynamics. Third edition. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.</ref> The "[[rotational tempe ...