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...=liHivlUYWcUC&pg=PA34 p. 34.]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Truth-value {{!}} logic|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/truth-value|access-date=2020-08-15|web ...9 p. 199.]</ref><ref>[[Graham Priest]], ''An Introduction to Non-Classical Logic: From If to Is'', 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, 2008, {{ISBN|0-521-85 ...

...dity (logic)|validity]]",<ref>[[Oxford Dictionary of English]], sense 1 of logic.</ref> while they are rational according to the broader requirement that th ...e doctrine that mathematical concepts, among others, are reducible to pure logic. ...

...ise]]s to be [[truth|true]] and the conclusion nevertheless to be [[False (logic)|false]].<ref>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/val-snd/ Validity and Soundness – Int ...ment terminology used in logic (en).svg|thumb|Argument terminology used in logic]] ...

...RniFBI8Gi4C ''The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes: Volume 1: Philosophical Papers''] (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980)</ref> Lakatos found ...

...inguistics]]. While philosophers since [[Aristotle]] have discussed modal logic, and [[Medieval Philosophy|Medieval philosophers]] such as [[Avicenna]], [[ ...[dynamic logic (modal logic)|dynamic logic]] to create [[dynamic epistemic logic]], which can be used to specify and reason about information change and exc ...

...y to the mainstream approach to mathematics, which is based on classical [[logic]] and [[ZFC set theory]]. ...phy)|Object]] and [[Abstract and concrete]] for further information on the philosophical foundations of objects.}} ...

{{About|the subject as it is studied in logic and philosophy}} ...|first=Walter |title=Understanding arguments: an introduction to informal logic |last2=Fogelin |first2=Robert J. |date=2015 |publisher=Cengage Learning |is ...

|title = Paradoxes and Contemporary Logic |url-id = paradoxes-contemporary-logic ...

...in which words (or characters) are used or misused. (See Wittgenstein’s ''Philosophical Investigations,'' §23''.''] ...date=August 2021}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wittgenstein |first=Ludwig |title=Philosophical Investigations |publisher=Basil Blackwell Ltd |year=1953 |isbn=0-631-14670- ...

{{Short description|Philosophical idea of things impossible to know}} Speculation about what is knowable and unknowable has been part of the philosophical tradition since the inception of philosophy. In particular, [[Baruch Spinoz ...

...1.org/fileadmin/user_upload/VolumeOfAbstracts_FINAL.pdf ''14th Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.arch ...nfluences the perception.<ref>Moline, Jon, "On Points of View", ''American Philosophical Quarterly'', 1968, vol. 5, 191–298. (as cited by Manuel Liz)</ref> ...

...s, principles, priorities or frames, then concept-driven strategy offers a philosophical basis for these statements. ...ment of intent and the same applies about the concepts approach offering a philosophical basis. The term 'strategic priorities' or 'strategic values' are often used ...

# ''[[Anviksiki]]'' which is logic and metaphysics; ..., ''Vidyā'' means true knowledge.<ref>{{cite book|title=Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Re-construction|author=Eliot Deutsch|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|p ...

...ant|Kant]], and refined in parallel with the early development of symbolic logic by [[George Boole|Boole]], [[Augustus De Morgan|De Morgan]], and Peirce him ...of the original situation into a unified whole".<ref>Dewey, John (1938). ''Logic: The Theory of Inquiry''. New York:NY: D.C. Heath & Co.<http://www2.sunysuf ...

{{Short description|Philosophical principle that perspectives and epistemology are always linked}} ...ll2012>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Sandywell|first=Barry|title='Perspectives, Philosophical' and 'Perspectivism'|dictionary=Dictionary of Visual Discourse: A Dialectic ...

The [[Philosophy|philosophical]] study of signs and [[symbol]]s is called [[semiotics]]; this includes the [[Semiotics]], [[epistemology]], logic, and [[philosophy of language]] are concerned about the nature of signs, wh ...

[[Category:Philosophical logic]] ...

...itle=The Death of Argument |date=2004 |isbn=978-9048167005 |series=Applied Logic Series |volume=32 |pages=3–23 |chapter=Who Cares About the Fallacies? |doi= ...</ref> Arguments containing informal fallacies may be formally [[Validity (logic)|valid]], but still fallacious.<ref name="Downden">{{Cite web |last=Dowden ...

...|first1=Kevin |title=Bayesian Informal Logic and Fallacy |journal=Informal Logic |date=2004 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=41–70 |doi=10.22329/il.v24i1.2132 |ur ...ublisher=John Benjamins |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/WALIFT |chapter=3. Logic of propositions}}</ref><ref name="Hansen"/> ...

{{Short description|Academic field of logic and rhetoric}} ...ple of an early [[argument map]], from [[Richard Whately]]'s ''Elements of Logic'' (1852 edition)]] ...