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...nickel and 20% chromium by mass, but there are many other combinations of metals for various applications. ...res to create enough resistance to generate heat. When heated in air, most metals then oxidize quickly, become brittle and break. Nichrome wire, when heated ...

...ing''' is the process of heating electrically conductive materials, namely metals or semi-conductors, by [[electromagnetic induction]], through [[heat transf ...]] and [[zone refining]] used in the semiconductor industry, and to melt [[refractory metal]]s that require very high temperatures. It is also used in [[inductio ...

...oduced and refined in electron-beam vacuum furnaces. Rare and [[refractory metals]] can be produced or refined in small-volume vacuum furnaces. For mass prod ...ron-beam machining can be used to accurately cut or bore a wide variety of metals. The resulting surface finish is better and kerf width is narrower than wha ...

...pressures below one-millionth of one Pascal. At such low pressures, even metals may emit enough gas to cause serious contamination. ...arefully selected - air molecules and moisture can cling to the surface of metals, and any trapped gas within the metal may percolate to the surface under va ...

A great variety of ceramics, metals and metal alloys have been successfully spheroidized/densified using induct *Metals: Re, Ta, Mo, W ...

...iagram.png|carbon phase diagram]]). [[Hafnium carbonitride]] (HfCN) is a [[refractory]] compound with the highest known melting point of any substance to date an ===Techniques for refractory materials=== ...

...tastrophic failure]]s, as opposed to the more ductile [[failure mode]]s of metals. ...ating in some semiconducting ceramic materials, mostly mixtures of [[heavy metals|heavy metal]] [[titanate]]s. The critical transition temperature can be adj ...

...conductivity than in materials of high thermal conductivity. For instance, metals typically have high thermal conductivity and are very efficient at conducti ...ccess=free}}</ref> Gases generally have low thermal conductivity, and pure metals have high thermal conductivity. For example, under [[standard conditions]] ...

Resistance heating [[alloy]]s are metals that can be used for electrical heating purposes above 600&nbsp;°C in air. ...Si₂) an inter-metallic compound, a silicide of molybdenum, is a refractory ceramic primarily used in heating elements. It has moderate density, meltin ...

...006 |title=High-pressure structures and phase transformations in elemental metals |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=b517777b |journal=Chemical Society Reviews | | title = Ethylene Complexes of the Early Transition Metals: Crystal Structures of [HfEt₄(C₂H₄)<sup>2− ...

...//www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html |title=Metals, Metallic Elements and Alloys - Thermal Conductivities |publisher=Engineeri ...– Group VIII Advanced Materials and Technologies: Powder Metallurgy Data. Refractory, Hard and Intermetallic Materials. Landolt-Börnstein - Group VIII Advanced ...

...surface of the vessel. Also available are thin overlays of more expensive metals that protect cheaper metal against corrosion without requiring much materia ...

...ed T cells rapidly induce molecular remissions in adults with chemotherapy-refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia | journal = Science Translational Medicine | v ...[biomining]] and [[bioremediation]], due to their ability to extract heavy metals from their environment and incorporate them into compounds that are more ea ...