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{{Distinguish|Data engineering}}{{Short description|Engineering discipline}} ...}}</ref><ref name="cued1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/academic-divisions/information-engineering|title=Information Engineering {{!}} Depar ...

The foundation of imaging science as a discipline is the "imaging chain" – a conceptual model describing all of the factors w ...the electronic signals produced by the capture device must be manipulated by an algorithm which formats the signals so they can be displayed as an image ...

...engineering]] that emerged in the early 20th century and is distinguished by the additional use of [[active component|active]] components such as [[semi ...ossible with a non-mechanical device. The growth of electronics was rapid. By the early 1920s, commercial radio broadcasting and communications were beco ...

...ternet are a subject of focus in this field. While that may be facilitated by the underlying technology of the Internet, the focus of study is often less While studies of the Internet are now widespread across academic disciplines, there is a growing collaboration among these investigations. I ...

...ine (list)|outline]] is provided as a topical overview of [[science]]; the discipline of science is defined as both the systematic effort of acquiring knowledge ...ns (i.e., which units receive which treatment) are determined by nature or by other factors out of the control of the experimenters and yet the treatment ...

*An [[academic discipline]] – one with academic departments, curricula and degrees; national and international societies; a ...own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. ...

==Emergence of the discipline== ...on, D. (2015) ''Digital Sociology''. London: Routledge</ref> and the first academic conference on "Digital Sociology" was held in New York, NY in the same year ...

'''Electrical engineering''' is an [[engineering]] discipline concerned with the study, design, and application of equipment, devices, an Electrical engineers typically hold a [[academic degree|degree]] in electrical engineering or electronic engineering. Pract ...

...940. "σημειωτικός." ''[[A Greek-English Lexicon]]''. Revised and augmented by H. S. Jones and R. McKenzie. Oxford: [[Clarendon Press]]. Available via ''[ .... 1993 [1987]. ''Theories of the Sign in Classical Antiquity'', translated by C. Richardson. Bloomington, IN: [[Indiana University Press]]. [Original: '' ...

...6|[[Basrelief]] sculpture "Research holding the torch of knowledge" (1896) by ''Olin Levi Warner''. [[Library of Congress]], Thomas Jefferson Building, i ...trolling sources of [[bias]] and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansi ...

{{short description|Academic field}} ...gy]] (MIT), which served as a model. By 2011, 111 STS research centers and academic programs were counted worldwide.<ref>[http://stswiki.org/index.php?title=Wo ...

...y and productivity, and improve systems. Modern engineering comprises many subfields which include designing and improving [[infrastructure]], [[machinery]], [[ Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University</ref> ...

A common way to classify communication is by whether information is exchanged between humans, members of other species, ...hers in this field often refine their definition of communicative behavior by including the criteria that observable responses are present and that the p ...

...sensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their [[academic discipline]]. ...rain the use of the word to just the study of [[arithmetic]] and geometry. By the time of [[Aristotle]] (384–322&nbsp;BC) this meaning was fully establis ...

...., [[Google Search]]), [[recommender system|recommendation systems]] (used by [[YouTube]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], and [[Netflix]]), interacting [[n ...f optimism,<ref name="AI in the 60s"/><ref name="AI in the 80s"/> followed by periods of disappointment and loss of funding, known as [[AI winter]].<ref ...