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{{Short description|4-dimensional analogue of force used in theories of relativity}} In the [[special theory of relativity]], '''four-force''' is a [[four-vector]] that replaces the classical [[forc ...

{{short description|4D analogue of electric current density}} In [[special relativity|special]] and [[general relativity]], the '''four-current''' (technically the '''four-current density''')<ref> ...

{{Short description|Rotation independent of any external reference}} ...ce station is an "absolute", objective fact regardless of the chosen frame of reference.]] ...

{{Short description|Physical phenomenon in electromagnetic field theory}} ...sm and special relativity|a more rigorous discussion|Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism}} ...

{{short description|Velocity of an object or observer in the rest frame of another object or observer}} ...is the [[velocity]] of an object or observer '''B''' in the [[rest frame]] of another object or observer '''A'''. ...

An '''electromagnetic four-potential''' is a [[General relativity|relativistic]] [[vector function]] from which the [[electromagnetic field]] ...f reference]], and for a given [[Gauge theory|gauge]], the first component of the electromagnetic four-potential is conventionally taken to be the electr ...

...iption|Hypothesis that physics experiments will behave the same regardless of when they are conducted}} ...s Limited|isbn=978-1-84614-702-9|chapter=3}}</ref> In mathematics, the set of all time translations on a given system form a [[Lie group]]. ...

{{for|an explanation and meanings of the index notation in this article|Einstein notation|antisymmetric tensor}} ...ation described [[Electromagnetic tensor#Quantum electrodynamics and field theory|below]]. ...

...) in spacetime dimensions higher than four, as described in [[Kaluza–Klein theory]]. ...tromagnetic potential]] <math>A_\mu</math> emerges from an extra component of the metric tensor <math>g_{\mu 5}</math>, where the figure 5 labels an addi ...

...early history and philosophy of electromagnetism|the modern use of "lines of force" as a way to depict electromagnetic and other vector fields|Field lin ...ries, including Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, and Einstein's relativity. ...

...eem to have two different descriptions depending on the frame of reference of the observer. ...nal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|title= Einstein's Investigations of Galilean Covariant Electrodynamics prior to 1905|pages= 45–105|volume=59|is ...

{{Short description|Measure of distance in physical space}} ...length of one [[kilometre]] is equivalent to the [[imperial measurement]] of 0.62137&nbsp;[[mile]]s. ...

...culus point of view and does not bring in the kinematics effect of Special Relativity which are absolutely unimportant in the Galilean limit."<ref name="Rousseau | title = Forty years of Galilean Electromagnetism (1973-2013) ...

'''Negative energy''' is a concept used in [[physics]] to explain the nature of certain [[field (physics)|fields]], including the [[gravitational field]] a ...04448-6}} Appendix A: ''Gravitational Energy'' demonstrates the negativity of gravitational energy.</ref> ...

...of [[Maxwell's equations]] and has applications in Einstein's [[theory of relativity]]. The electromagnetic field at a point ''p'' (i.e. an event) of a Lorentzian spacetime is represented by a [[Real number|real]] bivector {{ ...

...ystem's momentum is nonzero, the total mass (a.k.a. [[relativistic mass]]) of the system is greater than the invariant mass, but the invariant mass remai ...otal energy of the system is its total (relativistic) mass times the speed of light squared. ...

...urnal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=15 | issue=100 | year=1933 ...ervations are transposed". This statement is fundamental in the derivation of the reciprocity theorem. ...

...ation''', is one of a set of [[wave equation]]s describing the propagation of [[electromagnetic wave]]s generated by nonzero source [[electric charge|cha ! scope="row" | Maxwell–Faraday equation ([[Faraday's law of induction]]) ...

{{Short description|Branch of differential geometry}} ...This gives, in particular, local notions of [[angle]], [[arc length|length of curves]], [[surface area]] and [[volume]]. From those, some other global qu ...

{{Short description|Gauge theory with affine connections}} ...en <math>X</math> is a [[world manifold]] and, in particular, gauge theory of the [[fifth force]]. ...