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...and [[electricity]], which were not yet understood. Combined with further experiments on the ground, the kite experiment demonstrated that lightning and electric ...|title=Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlTLRUn1sy8C&pg=PA351|access-date=Oct ...

...nvariant mass of a system is equal to its total mass in that "rest frame". In other reference frames, where the system's momentum is nonzero, the total m ...the momentum (3-dimensional) is zero, which is a center of momentum frame. In this case, invariant mass is positive and is referred to as the rest mass. ...

...ker | 2016 | p=19}} and reducing the linkage. The flux linkage is measured in [[Weber (unit)|webers]] (Wb), like the flux itself. In a typical application the term "flux linkage" is used when the flux is crea ...

{{Short description|Background energy existing in space}} ...FOLLOW-UP: What is the 'zero-point energy' (or 'vacuum energy') in quantum physics? Is it really possible that we could harness this energy? – Scientific Amer ...

{{Short description|Hypothesis that physics experiments will behave the same regardless of when they are conducted}} ...5|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-1-84614-702-9|chapter=3}}</ref> In mathematics, the set of all time translations on a given system form a [[Li ...

{{short description|Thought experiment in physics}} [[File:060618 conductor magnet.svg|thumb|300px|right|Conductor moving in a magnetic field.]] ...

...phere, these cosmic rays interact with atoms in the atmosphere, initiating in cosmic-ray air showers. These showers are cascades of secondary particles, ...particles, usually protons or light atomic nuclei, hitting other particles in the atmosphere and causing a shower or neutrinos into the Earths surface.<r ...

{{Short description|Physical quantity of interest in chemistry and electrodynamics}} ...olecules in the bulb. Mass-to-charge ratio of the electron can be measured in this apparatus by comparing the radius of the purple circle, the strength o ...

{{About|the principle of locality in physics|other uses of locality|Locality (disambiguation)}} ...hat for a cause at one point to have an effect at another point, something in the space between those points must mediate the action. To exert an influen ...

...[[Gamma (letter)|gamma]]) for an ideal gas<ref group=note>γ first appeared in an article by the French mathematician, engineer, and physicist [[Siméon De In Poisson's article of 1823 – ...

{{short description|Concept in physics}} {{Distinguish|Action (physics)}} ...

...ial Studies of Sciences'', Vol. 32, No. 2, (April), pp.&nbsp;235–296</ref> In this initial formulation interactional expertise was part of a threefold cl ...ugh they were a plumber or physicist even though they can’t do plumbing or physics. It is this kind of expertise that Collins and Evans call interactional exp ...

...through such observations with previously acquired knowledge from abstract thought and everyday experiences. ...facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. ...

...in the electric field can create a disturbance in the magnetic field which in turn affects the electric field, leading to an oscillation that propagates ...plain the [[photoelectric effect]] and [[atomic absorption spectroscopy]], experiments at the atomic scale. That required the use of [[quantum mechanics]], specif ...

...ugal and centripetal forces''' illustrates a long and complex evolution of thought about the nature of [[force]]s, [[Principle of relativity|relativity]], and ...r. In the first case a mathematical formulation mirrors centrifugal force; in the second it creates it.<ref> ...

...d}}a high-voltage [[capacitor]]{{snd}}to accumulate the charge. Franklin's experiments with the machine eventually led to new theories about [[electricity]] and i ...entists developed machines to generate static electricity decades earlier. In 1663, [[Otto von Guericke]] generated static electricity with a device that ...

'''Perpetual motion''' is the motion of bodies that continues forever in an unperturbed system. A '''perpetual motion machine''' is a hypothetical m ...ill not operate indefinitely, because they are driven by the energy stored in the source, which will eventually be exhausted. A common example is devices ...

{{short description|Set of distinct concepts or thought patterns}} ...titute legitimate contributions to a field. The word ''paradigm'' is Greek in origin, meaning "pattern", and is used to illustrate similar occurrences. ...

...common and comprehensive usage of the term ''technoscience'' can be found in general textbooks and lectures concerning the history of science. ...the creation of tools in relation to the technological changes that occurs in very specific situations.<ref>Cf. Guglielmo Rinzivillo, ''Raccontare la tec ...

{{Short description|Theories trying to extend known physics}} '''Physics beyond the Standard Model''' ('''BSM''') refers to the theoretical developm ...