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{{Short description|1865 physics paper by James Maxwell}} ...uation with a velocity for light in close agreement with measurements made by experiment, and deduces that light is an electromagnetic wave. ...

{{short description|1873 books by James Clerk Maxwell}} | author = [[James Clerk Maxwell]] ...

...ter Ampère because of his contributions to understanding electric current. Maxwell does not take [[Ampère's force law]] as a starting point in deriving any of ...m, resulting in the modern form of the law, sometimes called the '''Ampère–Maxwell law''',<ref name="Fleisch">{{cite book ...

{{short description|Electric and magnetic fields produced by moving charged objects}} ...} and the [[Lorentz force law]].{{sfnp|ps=|Purcell|Morin|2012|pp=277–296}} Maxwell's equations detail how the electric field converges towards or diverges awa ...

...eriments of [[Heinrich Hertz]] confirmed this, making [[radio]] possible. Maxwell also postulated, correctly, that [[light]] was a form of electromagnetic wa ...rent carrying [[Electrical conductor|conductors]]. In such circuits, even Maxwell's equations can be dispensed with and simpler formulations used. On the ot ...

...here is no net flow of thermal energy between them when they are connected by a path permeable to [[heat]]. Thermal equilibrium obeys the [[zeroth law of ...fictive thermodynamic operation of partition into two subsystems separated by nothing, no wall. One could then consider the possibility of transfers of e ...

|author=J. C. Maxwell ...own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. ...

Heat is [[energy]] in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system by a mechanism that involves the microscopic atomic modes of motion or the cor ..."</ref> This descriptive characterization excludes the transfers of energy by [[Work (thermodynamics)|thermodynamic work]] or [[mass transfer]]. Defined ...

...uantities]], but may be explained in terms of [[microscopic]] constituents by [[statistical mechanics]]. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topi ...ess-date=19 June 2012}} Contains English translations of many of his other works.</ref> published in 1850, first stated the [[second law of thermodynamics]] ...

In [[physics]], [[time]] is defined by its [[operational definition|measurement]]: time is what a [[clock]] reads. ...istic physics, it is a [[scalar (physics)|scalar]] quantity (often denoted by the symbol <math>t</math>) and, like [[length]], [[mass]], and [[electric c ...

...r, negative charge is carried by electrons, and positive charge is carried by the protons in the [[atomic nucleus|nuclei]] of [[atom]]s. If there are mor ...ulomb's law]] quantifies the electrostatic [[force]] between two particles by asserting that the force is proportional to the product of their charges, a ...

...evolution]], which ended in the middle of the 19th century, was punctuated by a slowdown in important inventions before the Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution is followed by the [[Third Industrial Revolution]] starting in 1947. ...

...ns (i.e., which units receive which treatment) are determined by nature or by other factors out of the control of the experimenters and yet the treatment *# Draw [[logical consequence|conclusion]]s by comparing data with predictions. Possible outcomes: ...

...he electrons in path 1 are shifted with respect to the electrons in path 2 by the vector potential even though the flux density is nil.]] ...tric charge|electrically charged]] [[point particle|particle]] is affected by an [[electromagnetic potential]] (<math>\varphi</math>, <math>\mathbf{A}</m ...

...ntury, researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction, but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in ea ...ite signs rendered to two conductors, using only electric forces, and work by using moving plates, drums, or belts to carry electric charge to a high [[E ...

...th being part of the phenomenon of [[electromagnetism]], as described by [[Maxwell's equations]]. Common phenomena are related to electricity, including [[lig ...icity's industrial and residential application by [[electrical engineers]] by the century's end. This rapid expansion in electrical technology at the tim ...

...rie Ampère|Ampère]], [[Michael Faraday|Faraday]] and [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell]]. ...ism. The ancients were acquainted with rather curious properties possessed by two minerals, [[amber]] ({{lang-grc-gre|ἤλεκτρον}}, {{transliteration|grc|ē ...

...vice later named [[electrophorus]] that produced a static electric charge. By 1800 [[Alessandro Volta]] had developed the [[voltaic pile]], a forerunner ...in 1831; and of [[James Clerk Maxwell]], who in 1873 published a unified [[Maxwell's equations|theory]] of electricity and [[magnetism]] in his treatise ''Ele ...

...of these phases by experiments to measure various material properties, and by applying the [[physical law]]s of [[quantum mechanics]], [[electromagnetism ...ter physics" emphasized the commonality of scientific problems encountered by physicists working on solids, liquids, plasmas, and other complex matter, w ...

...force is the [[newton (unit)|newton (N)]], and force is often represented by the symbol {{math|'''F'''}}. ...the ultimate origin of force. However, the understanding of force provided by classical mechanics is useful for practical purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |last= ...