Etiquette in technology
Etiquette in technology, colloquially referred to as netiquette, is a term used to refer to the unofficial code of policies that encourage good behavior on the Internet which is used to regulate respect and polite behavior on social media platforms, online chatting sites, web forums, and other online engagement websites. The rules of etiquette that apply when communicating over the Internet are different from these applied when communicating in person or by audio (such as telephone) or photographic phone. It is a social code that is used in all places where one can interact with other human beings via the Internet, including text messaging, email, online games, Internet forums, chat rooms, and many more. Although social etiquette in real life is ingrained into our social life, netiquette is a fairly recent concept.
It can be a challenge to communicate on the Internet without misunderstandings mainly because input from facial expressions and body language is absent in cyberspace. Therefore, several rules, in an attempt to safeguard against these misunderstandings and to discourage unfriendly behavior, are regularly put in place at many websites, and often enforced by moderation by the website's users or administrators.
Netiquette
Netiquette,<ref name=":4">Hambridge, Sally (October 1995). "RFC1855". Retrieved 2015-01-12.</ref> a colloquial portmanteau of network and etiquette or Internet and etiquette, is a set of social conventions that facilitate interaction over networks, ranging from Usenet and mailing lists to blogs and forums.
Like the network itself, these developing norms remain in a state of flux and vary from community to community. The points most strongly emphasised about Usenet netiquette often include using simple electronic signatures, and avoiding multiposting, cross-posting, off-topic posting, hijacking a discussion thread, and other techniques used to minimize the effort required to read a post or a thread. Similarly, some Usenet guidelines call for use of unabbreviated English<ref>"Zen and the Art of the Internet—Usenet News". Retrieved 2007-08-18.</ref> while users of instant messaging protocols like SMS occasionally encourage just the opposite, bolstering use of SMS language.
Common rules for e-mail<ref name=":0">Rozakis, Laurie (2000-01-01). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Writing Well. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-02-863694-8.</ref> and Usenet such as avoiding flamewars and spam are constant across most mediums and communities. Another rule is to avoid typing in all caps or excessively enlarging script for emphasis, which is considered to be the equivalent of shouting or yelling. Other commonly shared points, such as remembering that one's posts are (or can easily be made) public, are generally intuitively understood by publishers of Web pages and posters to Usenet, although this rule is somewhat flexible depending on the environment. On more private protocols, however, such as e-mail and SMS, some users take the privacy of their posts for granted. One-on-one communications, such as private messages on chat forums and direct SMS, may be considered more private than other such protocols.
A group e-mail sent by Cerner CEO Neal Patterson to managers of a facility in Kansas City concerning "Cerner's declining work ethic" read, in part, "The parking lot is sparsely used at 8 A.M.; likewise at 5 P.M. As managers—you either do not know what your EMPLOYEES are doing, or YOU do not CARE ... In either case, you have a problem and you will fix it or I will replace you."<ref>"Zero to billion". CNN. 2006-04-26. Retrieved 2010-05-20.</ref> After the e-mail was forwarded to hundreds of other employees, it quickly leaked to the public. On the day that the e-mail was posted to Yahoo!, Cerner's stock price fell by over 22%<ref name=":1">"A Stinging Office Memo Boomerangs Proprietary e-mail". New York Times. 2001-04-05. Archived from the original on 2012-09-07. Retrieved 2022-10-28.</ref> from a high market capitalization of US$1.5 billion.<ref name="E-Mail Rules">Flynn, Nancy; Kahn, Randolph (2003). E-mail Rules: A Business Guide to Managing Policies, Security, and Legal Issues for E-mail and Digital Communications. AMACOM. ISBN 978-0-8144-7188-3.</ref>
Beyond matters of basic courtesy and privacy, e-mail syntax (defined by RFC 2822) allows for different types of recipients. The primary recipient, defined by the To: line, can reasonably be expected to respond, but recipients of carbon copies cannot be, although they still might.<ref>https://archive.today/20120701160707/http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-1043085.html Electronic office etiquette</ref> Likewise, misuse of the CC: functions in lieu of traditional mailing lists can result in serious technical issues. In late 2007, employees of the United States Department of Homeland Security used large CC: lists in place of a mailing list to broadcast messages to several hundred users. Misuse of the "reply to all" caused the number of responses to that message to quickly expand to some two million messages, bringing down their mail server.<ref name=":2">"DHS flunks e-mail administration 101, causes mini-DDoS". arstechnica.com. 5 October 2007.</ref> In cases like this, rules of netiquette have more to do with efficient sharing of resources—ensuring that the associated technology continues to function—rather than more basic etiquette. On Usenet, cross-posting, in which a single copy of a message is posted to multiple groups is intended to prevent this from happening, but many newsgroups frown on the practice, as it means users must sometimes read many copies of a message in multiple groups.
When someone makes a mistake—whether it's a spelling error or a spelling flame, a stupid question or an unnecessarily long answer—be kind about it. If it's a minor error, you may not need to say anything. Even if you feel strongly about it, think twice before reacting. Having good manners yourself doesn't give you the license to correct everyone else. If you do decide to inform someone of a mistake, point it out politely, and preferably by private email rather than in public. Give people the benefit of the doubt; assume they just don't know any better. And never be arrogant or self-righteous about it. Just as it's a law of nature that spelling flames always contain spelling errors, notes pointing out Netiquette violations are often examples of poor Netiquette.<ref>Shea. V, Netiquette. (1997) http://www.albion.com/netiquette/book/index.html</ref>
When referring to a previous discussion or expertise, quote a few lines instead of entire paragraphs. Select quotes that provides enough description without hindering the progression of a discussion and detracting from our own points. Be brief, and don't write out dissertations for simple questions; if you post long to reply to simple questions for advice, many will be unlikely to read it.<ref>"15 Rules of Netiquette for Online Discussion Boards [INFOGRAPHIC]". Touro's College Online Education Department. Touro College: Nevada. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2019.</ref>
Due to the large variation between what is considered acceptable behavior in various professional environments and between professional and social networks, codified internal manuals of style can help clarify acceptable limits and boundaries for user behavior. For instance, failure to publish such a guide for e-mail style was cited among the reasons for a NZ$17,000 wrongful dismissal finding against a firm that fired a woman for misuse of boldface colorful all caps text in company-wide e-mail traffic.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10594014">Lewis, Rebecca (August 30, 2009). "Emails spark woman's sacking". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on Sep 1, 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2011.</ref><ref name=":3">Moore, Matthew. "Office worker sacked for writing emails in block capitals". Daily Telegraph, Sep 1, 2009. Accessed May 20, 2010.</ref>
Netiquette in South Korea
In South Korea, the Korea Internet Safety Commission declared the 'Netizen Ethics Code' on June 15, 2000, and the Ministry of Education prepared the 'Information Communication Ethics Education Guidelines' in early 2001. Therefore, some middle and high schools started to provide education on netiquette. The basic netiquette education contents of South Korea are as follows. The writing on a noticeboard should be written clearly and concisely, used by grammar and Korean spelling, and avoid excessive refutation of other people's writings. An e-mail should identify itself and send a letter. When chatting, you should introduce yourself first, engage in conversation, use the title "Nim," and slander, abuse, or sarcastic remarks should be prudent. Furthermore, it is against etiquette to repeat the same words at once, and you must offer parting salutations when you come out of a chat. Furthermore, sexual harassment, stalking, and the use of expletive should not be allowed.<ref>"Netiquette". Doopedia. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</ref>
Digital citizenship
Digital citizenship is how a person should act while using digital technology online and has also been defined as "the ability to participate in society online".<ref>"What does digital citizenship mean to you?". Microsoft. Retrieved 13 September 2013.[permanent dead link]</ref><ref>Mossberger, Karen (2008). Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. Routledge. pp. 173–185. ISBN 978-0415780582.</ref> The term is often mentioned in relation to Internet safety and netiquette.<ref>Britland, Mike (26 August 2013). "How to teach ... esafety and digital citizenship". Guardian. Retrieved 13 September 2013.[permanent dead link]</ref><ref>Ohler, Jason (2010). Digital Community, Digital Citizen. Corwin Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1412971447. Digital citizenship.
</ref><ref>Ribble, Mike (2011). Digital Citizenship in Schools. International Society for Technology in Education. ISBN 978-1564843012. Digital citizenship.
</ref>
The term has been used as early as 1998 and has gone through several changes in description as newer technological advances have changed the method and frequency of how people interact with one another online.<ref>Loader, Brian (2007). Young Citizens in the Digital Age. Routledge. pp. 133–134. ISBN 978-0203946725.</ref><ref>Bebo White, Irwin King, Philip Tsang (2011). Social Media Tools and Platforms in Learning Environments. Springer. pp. 406–407. ISBN 978-3642203916.</ref> Classes on digital citizenship have been taught in some public education systems and some argue that the term can be "measured in terms of economic and political activities online".<ref>"Mars Area School District teaching new course on Internet safety". WPXI. Aug 22, 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.[permanent dead link]</ref><ref>Karen, Mossberger; Tolbert, Caroline J.; Franko, William (2012). Digital Cities: The Internet and the Geography of Opportunity. Oxford University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0199812950.</ref>
Cell phone etiquette
The issue of mobile communication and etiquette has also become an issue of academic interest. The rapid adoption of the device has resulted in the intrusion of telephony into situations where it was previously not used. This has exposed the implicit rules of courtesy and opened them to re-evaluation.<ref>Ling, Richard, "One Can Tal About Common Manners", 2007.</ref>
In the education system
Most schools in the United States, Europe and Canada have prohibited mobile phones in the classroom, citing class disruptions and the potential for cheating via text messaging.<ref name=":0" /> In the UK, possession of a mobile phone in an examination can result in immediate disqualification from that subject or from all that student's subjects. This still applies even if the mobile phone was not turned on at the time. In New York City, students were banned from taking cell phones to school until 2015.<ref>"New York City ends ban on cellphones in public schools". Reuters. 2015-01-07. Retrieved 2021-12-07.</ref> This has been a debate for several years, but finally passed legislature in 2008.<ref name="Medina">[1], Medina, Jennifer</ref>
"Most schools allow students to have cell phones for safety purposes"—a reaction to the Columbine High School massacre (Lipscomb 2007: 50). Apart from emergency situations, most schools don't officially allow students to use cell phones during class time.
In the public sphere
Talking or texting on a cell phone in public may seem a distraction for many individuals. When in public there are two times when one uses a phone. The first is when the user is alone; the other is when the user is in a group. The main issue for most people is when they are in a group, and the cell phone becomes a distraction or a barrier for successful socialization among family and friends. In the past few years, society has become less tolerant of cell phone use in public areas; for example, public transportation, restaurants and much more. This is exemplified by the widespread recognition of campaigns such as Stop Phubbing,<ref name=":4" /> which prompted discussion as to how mobile phones should be used in the presence of others. "Some have suggested that mobile phones 'affect every aspect of our personal and professional lives either directly or indirectly'" (Humphrey). Every culture's tolerance of cell phone usage varies; for instance in Western society cell phones are permissible during free time at schools, whereas in the Eastern countries, cell phones are strictly prohibited on school property.
Mobile phone use can be an important matter of social discourtesy, such as phones ringing during funerals or weddings, in toilets, cinemas and theatres. Some book shops, libraries, bathrooms, cinemas, doctors' offices and places of worship prohibit their use, so that other patrons will not be disturbed by conversations. Some facilities install signal-jamming equipment to prevent their use.<ref name=":1" /> Some new auditoriums have installed wire mesh in the walls to make a Faraday cage, which prevents signal penetration without violating signal jamming laws.
A working group made up of Finnish telephone companies, public transport operators and communications authorities has launched a campaign to remind mobile phone users of courtesy, especially when using mass transit—what to talk about on the phone, and how to. In particular, the campaign wants to impact loud mobile phone usage as well as calls regarding sensitive matters.<ref>campaign to promote cell phone manners (in finish)</ref>
Trains, particularly those involving long-distance services, often offer a "quiet carriage" where phone use is prohibited, much like the designated non-smoking carriage of the past.<ref name=":3" /> In the UK however many users tend to ignore this as it is rarely enforced, especially if the other carriages are crowded and they have no choice but to go in the "quiet carriage".<ref name=":2" /> In Japan, it is generally considered impolite to talk using a phone on any train; e-mailing is generally the mode of mobile communication. Mobile phone usage on local public transport is also increasingly seen as a nuisance; the Austrian city of Graz, for instance, has mandated a total ban of mobile phones on its tram and bus network in 2008 (though texting and emailing is still allowed).<ref> "In Grazer "Öffis" sind Handys ab heute verboten". Kleine Zeitung (in Deutsch). Klagenfurt: Styria Medien AG. 2008-04-16. p. 18.</ref><ref>""Rücksichtsvoll" oder "völlig sinnlos"". Der Standard Online version (in Deutsch). Vienna. 2008-04-18. p. 18.</ref>
Nancy J. Friedman has spoken widely about landline and cell phone etiquette.<ref name=rotarian>Davies, Kent R. (October 2000). "Database". Mobile Manners. Rotarian. p. 16. Retrieved 8 May 2012.</ref><ref name=doane>Doane, Darryl S.; Sloat, Rose D (2003-09-01). 50 Activities for Achieving Excellent Customer Service. pp. 6, 24, 85. ISBN 9780874257373. Retrieved 8 May 2012.</ref>
Within social relationships
When critically assessing the family structure, it is important to examine the parent/child negotiations which occur in the household, in relation to the increased use of cell phones. Teenagers use their cell phones as a way to negotiate spatial boundaries with their parents (Williams 2005:316). This includes extending curfews in the public space and allowing more freedom for the teenagers when they are outside of the home (Williams 2005:318). More importantly, cell phone etiquette relates to kinship groups and the family as an institution. This is because cell phones act as a threat due to the rapid disconnect within families. Children are often so closely affiliated with their technological gadgets, and they tend to interact with their friends constantly and this has a negative impact on their relationship with their parents (Williams 2005:326). Teenagers see themselves as gaining a sense of empowerment from the mobile phone. Cell phone etiquette in the household from an anthropological perspective has shown an evolution in the institution of family. The mobile phone has now been integrated into family practices and perpetuated a wider concern which is the fracture between parent and child relationships. We are able to see the traditional values disappearing; however, reflexive monitoring is occurring (Williams 2005:320). Through this, parents are becoming friendlier with their children and critics emphasize that this change is problematic because children should be subjected to social control. One way of social control is limiting the time spent interacting with friends, which is difficult to do in today's society because of the rapid use of cell phones.
Netiquette vs. cell phone etiquette
Cell phone etiquette is largely dependent on the cultural context and what is deemed to be socially acceptable. For instance, in certain cultures using your handheld devices while interacting in a group environment is considered bad manners, whereas, in other cultures around the world it may be viewed differently. In addition, cell phone etiquette also encompasses the various types of activities which are occurring and the nature of the messages which are being sent. More importantly, messages of an inappropriate nature can be sent to an individual and this could potentially orchestrate problems such as verbal/cyber abuse.
New technology and behavior
One of the biggest obstacles to communication in online settings is the lack of emotional cues. Facial cues dictate the mood and corresponding diction of people in conversations. During phone conversations, tone of voice communicates the emotions of the speakers removed on opposite sides of phone lines. Conversely, in chat rooms, instant messaging apps, texting, and other text-based communication, signals that would indicate a person's emotional state are absent. Because of this, accommodations have been developed, notably the use of emoticons and abbreviations. Emoticons use punctuation marks and symbols to graphically represent facial expressions. For example, a colon and parenthesis can be used to represent a smiling face, indicating happiness or satisfaction. To symbolize laughter, the abbreviation "LOL" (standing for "laughing out loud") developed. Other commonly used abbreviations are "BRB" ("be right back") and "TTYL" ("talk to you later").
Now, as newer modes of communication become increasingly common, apps such as Snapchat are growing to develop platform-specific rules and etiquette. Snapchat lets a user send pictures or videos that disappear after several seconds. Although it is entirely possible to make use of Snapchat for the purpose of sexting, namely sending nude and erotic photos, originally compared to Instagram<ref>Gross, Doug. "Snapchat: Sexting Tool, or the next Instagram?" CNN. Cable News Network, 10 January 2013. Web. 1 May 2014.</ref> by way of the app's ability to broadcast pictures to many people, it has now become standard to communicate through Snapchat by sending pictures back and forth and using the caption bar for messages. The reply option on Snapchat specifically promotes this behavior, but Snapchat etiquette is not set in stone. Some people use Snapchat specifically for the purpose of communication, while some use it to simply provide a visual update of their day. The newest update to Snapchat, an instant messaging add-on, seems to be catered to those who use the app to send messages back and forth.
See also
References
Further reading
- Pręgowski, Michał Piotr, "Rediscovering the netiquette: the role of propagated values and personal patterns in defining self-identity of the Internet user Archived 2018-02-18 at the Wayback Machine", Observatorio 2009: 354–356. Google Scholar. Web. 15 Dec. 2010.
- Null, Christopher "Text Messaging Etiquette: To Text or Not to Text Archived 2012-07-18 at the Wayback Machine". PC World 2010. Web. 15 December 2010.
External links
- RFC1855: the historical 1995 document at IETF, listing Netiquette guidelines.
- ToastMasters on Social Media Etiquette
- "A new sort of online protocol", CNET, 1997 (last accessed: 16 March 2019)
- The rules of netiquette—Matthew Strawbridge's weblog, 2009
- Some FAQ's about Mailing Lists and Mailing List Netiquette
- Virginia Shea, Netiquette (online ed.) book
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