Conceptual framework

For the concept in aesthetics and art criticism, see The Conceptual Framework. For the concept in computing, see Conceptual schema. For the concept in philosophy, see Paradigm.

A conceptual framework is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts. It can be applied in different categories of work where an overall picture is needed. It is used to make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas. Strong conceptual frameworks capture something real and do this in a way that is easy to remember and apply.

Examples

Isaiah Berlin used the metaphor of a "fox" and a "hedgehog" to make conceptual distinctions in how important philosophers and authors view the world.<ref name="Berlin1953">Berlin, Isaiah (1953), The Hedgehog and the Fox: An Essay on Tolstoy's View of History London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; 1986 New York: Simon and Schuster, introduction by M. Walzer.</ref> Berlin describes hedgehogs as those who use a single idea or organizing principle to view the world (such as Dante Alighieri, Blaise Pascal, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Plato, Henrik Ibsen and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel). Foxes, on the other hand, incorporate a type of pluralism and view the world through multiple, sometimes conflicting, lenses (examples include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, James Joyce, William Shakespeare, Aristotle, Herodotus, Molière, and Honoré de Balzac).

Economists use the conceptual framework of supply and demand to distinguish between the behavior and incentive systems of firms and consumers.<ref name="Colander2013">Colander, David. 2013. Microeconomics, 9th edition, New York: McGraw Hill and Frank, Robert and Ben Bernanke. 2013. Principles of Microeconomics, 5th edition. New York: McGraw Hill.</ref> Like many other conceptual frameworks, supply and demand can be presented through visual or graphical representations (see demand curve). Both political science and economics use principal agent theory as a conceptual framework. The politics-administration dichotomy is a long-standing conceptual framework used in public administration.<ref name="Overeem2012">Overeem, P. (2012), The Politics Administration Dichotomy: Toward a Constitutional Perspective (2 ed.), CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-4665-5899-1</ref>

All three of these cases are examples of a macro level conceptual framework.

Overview

The use of the term conceptual framework crosses both scale (large and small theories)<ref name="RavitchRiggan2012">Ravitch; Riggan (2012), Reason and Rigor: How Conceptual Frameworks guide Research, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage, p. xiii</ref><ref name="Maxwell2009">Maxwell, J. (2009), "Designing a qualitative study", in Bickmam, L.; Rog, D. (eds.), The State Handbook of Applied Social Science Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, p. 222</ref> and contexts (social science,<ref name="Rodman1980">Rodman, Hyman (1980), "Are Conceptual Frameworks Necessary for Theory Building? The Case of Family Sociology", The Sociological Quarterly, 21 (3): 429–441, doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1980.tb00623.x</ref><ref name="Moorstein">Moorstein, Mark. Frameworks, Conflict in Balance.</ref> marketing,<ref name="Jaworski_al.1993">Jaworski, B; Stathakopoulos, V.; Krishnan, H. S. (1993), "Control Combinations in Marketing: Conceptual Framework and Empirical Evidence", Journal of Marketing, 57 (1): 57–69, doi:10.1177/002224299305700104, S2CID 167836808</ref> applied science,<ref name="HobbsNorton2006">Hobbs, R.; Norton, D. (2006), "Towards a Conceptual Framework for Restoration Ecology", Restoration Ecology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 93–110</ref> art<ref name="Eco1978">Eco, Umberto (1978), A Theory of Semiotics, Indiana University Press, p. 310, ISBN 978-0-2532-0217-8 endnote #47</ref> etc.). The explicit definition of what a conceptual framework is and its application can therefore vary.

Conceptual frameworks are beneficial as organizing devices in empirical research. One set of scholars has applied the notion of a conceptual framework to deductive, empirical research at the micro- or individual study level.<ref name=Shields>Shields, Patricia M.; Tajalli, Hassan (2006), "Intermediate Theory: The Missing Link in Successful Student Scholarship", Journal of Public Affairs Education, 12 (3): 313–334, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.576.6985, doi:10.1080/15236803.2006.12001438, S2CID 141201197</ref><ref name="Baum2003">Baum, K. (2003), "Assessing Group Conflict: Understanding the Line-Staff Relationship in Fire Service", in Pammer, W.; Killian, J. (eds.), Handbook of Conflict Management, New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 129–135</ref><ref name="ShieldsRangarajan2013">Shields, Patricia; Rangarajan, Nandhini (2013). A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management. Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press. ISBN 978-1-58107-247-1.</ref><ref name="Shields1998">Shields, Patricia (1998), "Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Science: A Tool for Public Administration", Research in Public Administration, 4: 195–225</ref> They employ American football plays as a useful metaphor to clarify the meaning of conceptual framework (used in the context of a deductive empirical study).

Likewise, conceptual frameworks are abstract representations, connected to the research project's goal that direct the collection and analysis of data (on the plane of observation – the ground). Critically, a football play is a "plan of action" tied to a particular, timely, purpose, usually summarized as long or short yardage.<ref name="Patricia2014">Shields, Patricia (2014), Tools for Excellent Papers: 2014 ASPA Student Summit, Washington D.C.: Texas State University Presentation at the American Society for Public Administration annual conference, Washington DC March 15, ThisPowerPointt depicts the connection between football and conceptual frameworks in the context of a large graduate student paper. The national presentation was delivered before Public Administration graduate students in Washington DC.</ref> Shields and Rangarajan (2013) argue that it is this tie to "purpose" that makes American football plays such a good metaphor. They define a conceptual framework as "the way ideas are organized to achieve a research project's purpose".<ref name="ShieldsRangarajan2013"/> Like football plays, conceptual frameworks are connected to a research purpose or aim. Explanation<ref name="Babbie2007">Babbie, Earl (2007), The Practice of Social Research (11th ed.), Belmont, CA: Thompson, Wadsworth, p. 89 Babbie also identifies exploration and description as purposes of empirical research</ref> is the most common type of research purpose employed in empirical research. The formal hypothesis of a scientific investigation is the framework associated with explanation.<ref name="Brains_al2011">Brains, C.; Willnat, L.; Manheim, J.; Rich, R. (2011), Empirical Political Analysis: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods, New York, NY: Longman, pp. 75–77 Brains et al 2011 also identify exploration, explanation and description as research purposes. The explanation is connected to hypotheses testing (as a framework). The other research purposes are not connected to a framework.</ref>

Explanatory research usually focuses on "why" or "what caused" a phenomenon. Formal hypotheses posit possible explanations (answers to the why question) that are tested by collecting data and assessing the evidence (usually quantitative using statistical tests). For example, Kai Huang wanted to determine what factors contributed to residential fires in U.S. cities. Three factors were posited to influence residential fires. These factors (environment, population, and building characteristics) became the hypotheses or conceptual framework he used to achieve his purpose – explain factors that influenced home fires in U.S. cities.<ref name="Huang2009">Huang, Kai (2009), "Population and Building Factors that impact residential fire rates in large U.S. Cities", An Applied Research Project Submitted to the Department of Political Science, Texas State University-San Marcos, in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Public Administration, Spring 2009, Applied Research Projects, Texas State University: 42 The formal hypotheses took the form of relational statements. H1: environmental factors influence residential fire rates; H2: population characteristics influence residential fire rates; H3: Building factors influence residential fire rates. These hypotheses could be represented visually as H1: A → RFR; H2: B → RFR; H3: C → RFR where A = environmental factors; B = population characteristics; C = Building Factors and RFR = Residential Fire Rates.</ref>

Types

Several types of conceptual frameworks have been identified,<ref name="ShieldsRangarajan2013"/><ref name="Shields1998"/><ref name="ShieldsTravis2017">Shields, Patricia; Whetsell, Travis (2017), "Public Administration Methodology: A Pragmatic Perspective", in Raadshelders, Jos; Stillman, Richard (eds.), Foundations of Public Administration, Melvin and Leigh, pp. 75–92, ISBN 978-0-9973-0842-6</ref> and line up with a research purpose in the following ways:

• Working hypothesis – exploration or exploratory research<ref>Casula, M., Rangarajan, N. & Shields, P. The potential of working hypotheses for deductive exploratory research. Qual Quant (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01072-9</ref>
• Pillar questions – exploration or exploratory research
• Descriptive categories – description or descriptive research
• Practical ideal type – analysis (gauging)
• Models of operations research – decision making
• Formal hypothesis – explanation and prediction

Note that Shields and Rangarajan (2013) do not claim that the above are the only framework-purpose pairing. Nor do they claim the system is applicable to inductive forms of empirical research. Rather, the conceptual framework-research purpose pairings they propose are useful and provide new scholars a point of departure to develop their own research design.<ref name="ShieldsRangarajan2013"/>

Frameworks have also been used to explain conflict theory and the balance necessary to reach what amounts to resolution. Within these conflict frameworks, visible and invisible variables function under concepts of relevance. Boundaries form and within these boundaries, tensions regarding laws and chaos (or freedom) are mitigated. These frameworks often function like cells, with sub-frameworks, stasis, evolution and revolution.<ref>Moorstein, Mark (June 2004). Frameworks, Conflict in Balance. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-5953-1824-7.</ref> Anomalies may exist without adequate "lenses" or "filters" to see them and may become visible only when the tools exist to define them.<ref>Thomas Kuhn. (1996) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</ref>

See also

• Analogy
• Inquiry
• Conceptual model
• Theory

Further reading

• Kaplan, Abraham (1964). The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science. Scranton, PA: Chandler Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-3521-1700-7. conceptual framework.
• Botha, M. E. (1989). "Theory Development in Perspective: The Role of Conceptual Frameworks and Models in Theory Development". Journal of Advanced Nursing. 14 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1989.tb03404.x. PMID 2926015.
• Dewey, John (1938). Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-0300-5250-7.
• Shields, Patricia and Rangarajan, Nandhini. (2013). A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management. Stillwater, OK; New Forums Press (ISBN 1-58107-247-3)