Chronophobia
Chronophobia, also known as prison neurosis, is considered an anxiety disorder describing the fear of time and time moving forward, which is commonly seen in prison inmates.<ref name=":3" /> Next to prison inmates, chronophobia is also identified in individuals experiencing quarantine due to COVID-19.<ref>Naguy A, Moodliar-Rensburg S, Alamiri B (June 2020). "Coronaphobia and chronophobia - A psychiatric perspective". Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 51: 102050. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102050. PMC 7151292. PMID 32302963.</ref> As time is understood as a specific concept, chronophobia is categorized as a specific phobia.<ref name=":4">"Chronophobia - wikidoc". www.wikidoc.org. Retrieved 2022-05-17.</ref>
The term chronophobia comes from the Greek "chronos", meaning time, and "phobo", meaning fear.<ref name=":4" />
Symptoms
Chronophobia manifests in different ways, since every person that experiences this disorder suffers from different symptoms. Inmates experience a constant psychological discomfort that is characterized through anxiety, panic, and claustrophobia by the duration and immensity of time.<ref name=":3">Stoltz Hill R (2002). Chronophobia: doing time (Master thesis). Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College – via LSU Digital Commons.</ref> The main symptom of chronophobia is a sense of impending danger of loss and the accompanying desire to keep the memory of what happened.<ref>Hägglund M (2006). "Chronophilia: Nabokov and the Time of Desire". The Johns Hopkins University Press. 37 (2): 447–467. JSTOR 20057952.</ref> The most common signs include procrastination, poor planning of the working day, the inability to say "no", distraction and trying to do too much at one time.<ref name=":0">Buller SD (2020). "Influence of Chronophobia on Labor Processes in the Organization" (PDF). Urgent Problems of Modern Society – Language, Culture and Technology in the Changing World: 345–351.</ref> People also report that they begin to think that nothing is on time and that they are afraid of not completing their tasks on time.<ref name=":0" />
Reasons
Risk factors and causes
Some people are more likely to have chronophobia. The risk is increased for elderly or ill because persons who are older or who have terminal medical conditions are more likely to be overpowered by fear of approaching death. They may become fixated on the number of days they have left, which can cause severe anxiety.<ref name=":5" /> People in prison are also more likely to develop chronophobia. Prison neurosis is another name for this illness. Inmates, particularly those serving extended sentences, often become fixated on the passage of time. They may believe that time is passing them either too slowly or too rapidly, and they frequently count down the days until they are released. They may also experience claustrophobic feelings while in prison.<ref name=":5" /> People who have undergone a traumatic experience are also more likely to suffer from chronophobia. They could get it as a result of PTSD.<ref name=":5" /> Many people developed chronophobia after being quarantined due to Covid-19. They got fixated on keeping track of time or felt helpless in the face of the passage of time.<ref name=":5" /> People who have a history of mental illness make up the final group. Ones with a generalized anxiety disorder, a history of panic attacks or panic disorder, or other phobias are more at risk.<ref name=":5" /> If one has depression or a substance addiction problem, the person is also more likely to develop a phobia.<ref name=":5" />
Chronophobia and other phobias are caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Chronophobia can develop as a result of being imprisoned, having a fatal illness, or surviving a traumatic experience. People who suffer from anxiety or suffer from mental illness are more likely to develop phobias. Mental disease, mood problems, and phobias are often passed down through generations. If you have a family who has certain illnesses, you are at a higher risk.<ref name=":5" />
Triggers
Chronophobia causes worry, dread, and anxiety for a variety of reasons. Holidays, birthdays, graduations, and anniversaries can all be triggers for this phobia. And when being triggered, the following concerns appear:<ref name=":5" />
- They are powerless to stop time from passing them by.
- Their own passing. They may also be terrified of death or dying (Thanatophobia).<ref name=":5" />
- Time feeling “immense” (very big) or overwhelming.<ref name=":5" />
- Time moving too slowly.<ref name=":5" />
Treatments
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of talking therapy where the aim is to correct maladaptive thoughts that have a significant negative effect on a person's life. CBT can be used for the treatment of specific phobias. The therapist creates a personalized plan that suits each phobia and person the best. The therapy is goal-oriented and structured and aims to change negative thought patterns during emotional distress and help patients gain information about how their thoughts affect their actions.<ref name=":5">"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2022-05-16.</ref> The goal of the therapy in the case of chronophobia is to gain control over the anxiety and the behavioral patterns created by the overpowering fear responses.<ref>"Chronophobia (Fear of Time): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2022-05-16.</ref>
Psychopharmacology
In some cases, anxiety medication can lead to milder symptoms in phobias. However, when compared to behavioral therapy the results are often less efficient. Short-term pharmacological options often get paired with cognitive behavioral therapy. Long-term plans are rare and are often linked to cases of adverse drug reactions.[citation needed] Specific phobic disorders like chronophobia can be treated with benzodiazepines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and β-adrenergic blockers.[citation needed]
Hypnotherapy
Hypnotherapy strives for a deep level of awareness through focused attention and a structured relaxation process. During the naturally occurring state of heightened awareness or "trance", qualified therapists can help people tune in on the targeted negative or fearful thoughts. It can be used to shape the understanding of the anxiety symptoms connected to chronophobia by altering different structures in memory and perception.<ref>"Hypnotherapy". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2022-05-16.</ref>
Coping methods
Relaxation techniques
The aim of relaxation techniques is to decrease an individual's physical and psychological anxiety by increasing the individual's sense of calm. Muscle tension and an increased heart rate are physical responses to anxiety, and emotions are psychological responses to anxiety.<ref name=":1">Payne RA, Donaghy M (2010). Payne's handbook of relaxation techniques: a practical guide for the health care professional (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7020-5000-8. OCLC 787843209.</ref> Relaxation techniques bring an individual's attention to their breathing rhythm which can have a relaxing effect and decrease their chronophobia related anxiety. It also brings attention to their body which has them focusing on the present.<ref name=":8" />
| Relaxation techniques | Description |
|---|---|
| Deep breathing exercises (Diaphragmatic breathing) | Individuals inhale and exhale slowly and deeply.<ref name=":2">"Relaxation Techniques for Health". NCCIH. Retrieved 2022-05-14.</ref> |
| Progressive relaxation | Individuals tense and then relax different muscle groups in the body one by one.<ref name=":1" /> |
| Passive relaxation | The individual goes through each muscle group and identifies any tense muscles. They then relax the muscle. The individual does not consciously tense their muscles as is done in progressive relaxation.<ref name=":1" /> |
| Autogenic training | An individual performs different exercises, such as lifting their arm, while repeatedly telling themselves different statements.[citation needed] |
| Guided imagery | Individuals attempt to invoke the feeling of calm and relaxation in their bodies by picturing different images that they connect with those feelings.<ref name=":2" /> |
| Biofeedback-assisted relaxation | The use of electronics to monitor and be aware of one's bodily responses.<ref name=":2" /> |
Mindfulness techniques
Mindfulness techniques can be useful in reducing one's anxiety of passing time because it refocuses one's attention on the present.<ref name=":8" />
Meditation is a practice that focuses on sensations, objects, feelings, thoughts and breathing techniques.<ref>Gelles D. "How to Meditate". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2022-05-14.</ref> Mindfulness meditation consists of two parts. First, one pays attention to the present and specifically focusing on one's feelings, thoughts, and sensations. Secondly, one accepts their thoughts and feelings without reaction or judgement before letting them go.<ref name=":6">"Mindfulness meditation: A research-proven way to reduce stress". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2022-05-19.</ref> The objective of mindfulness meditation is to reduce an individual's anxiety of passing time by refocusing their attention on their breathing and their 5 senses, both of which are neutral topics without emotional connections to chronophobia.<ref name=":9">"Chronophobia (Fear of Time)". Psych Times. Retrieved 2022-05-27.</ref>
Yoga is a combination of exercise and meditation and is often used within mindfulness meditation. Individuals focus on their breathing and balance as they move their bodies into different positions. Like mindfulness meditation yoga brings attention to one's thoughts, feelings and sensations.<ref name=":6" /> It promotes a healthy mental state in individual's with chronophobia related stress and anxiety by switching their focus to the exercises.<ref name=":9" />
Support groups
A support group consists of several individuals facing a similar struggle, such as chronophobia, and a leader. Typically the support group is led by someone who is not currently struggling with the same problems as the other members.<ref>"APA Dictionary of Psychology - support group". dictionary.apa.org. Retrieved 2022-05-17.</ref> The goal of a support group is to overcome their shared problem, or if that is not possible, to find ways of coping with it.<ref>"How to choose the right support group". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2022-05-17.</ref> Within a chronophobia support group, members can offer and gain advice on how to cope with chronophobia. One also has the opportunity to share their experience and hear other individual's experience with chronophobia, which can help them not feel as alone in their struggle.<ref name=":8" />
Epidemiology
Populations with a higher prevalence of chronophobia are prisoners, therefore also sometimes called “prison neurosis”. Elderly and also people facing a deathly illness who worry that they will soon die may also experience this fear. People who have survived extreme trauma such as a natural disaster or a shipwreck are also at risk if they remain anxious and uncertain about the passing time and how much they have left.<ref name=":8">Grande D (2 December 2021). Abulhosn R (ed.). "Chronophobia (Fear of Time): Symptoms, Treatments, & How to Cope". Choosing Therapy. Retrieved 2022-05-18.</ref>
