Information technology in India

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The information technology (I.T.) industry in India comprises information technology services and business process outsourcing.<ref>Nirmal, Rajalakshmi. "IT's time for ctrl+alt+delete". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 February 2017.</ref> The share of the IT-BPM sector in the GDP of India is 7.4% in FY 2022.<ref>"India: IT-BPM industry share in GDP 2022".</ref><ref name="ibef.org"/> The IT and BPM industries' revenue is estimated at US$ 245 billion in FY 2023.<ref name="ïndianit245">"Indian IT sector to touch $245 billion in FY23: Nasscom". The Times of India. 2 March 2023.</ref><ref name="bs2022">"Indian IT crosses $200-bn revenue mark, hits $227 bn in FY22: Nasscom". 15 February 2022.</ref><ref name="ie2022">"In its yearly strategic review for FY22, Nasscom said the industry added 4.5 lakh new jobs to take the overall direct employees to 54 lakh people. Over 44 per cent of the new hires were women, and their overall share is now 18 lakh". 15 February 2022.</ref> The domestic revenue of the IT industry is estimated at $51 billion, and export revenue is estimated at $194 billion in FY 2023.<ref name="bs2022"/><ref name="ie2022"/> The IT–BPM sector overall employs 5.4 million people as of March 2023.<ref>"Number of employees in IT".</ref><ref name="bs2022"/><ref name="ie2022"/> In December 2022, Union Minister of State for Electronics and IT Rajeev Chandrasekhar, in a written reply to a question in Rajya Sabha informed that IT units registered with state-run Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) and Special Economic Zones have exported software worth Rs 11.59 lakh crore in 2021–22.<ref>"IT companies at STPI, SEZs export software worth Rs 11.59 lakh crore in 2021-22". The Economic Times. 16 December 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref><ref>Bureau, The Hindu (16 December 2022). "Software exports from Andhra Pradesh not on expected lines, says BJP leader". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 March 2023 – via www.thehindu.com.</ref>

History

See also: India Startup Ecosystem TimeLine

The Electronics Committee also known as the "Bhabha Committee" created a 10-year (1966–1975) plan laying the foundation for India's IT Service Industries.<ref>Agarwal, Suraj Mal (10 July 2002). "Electronics in India: Past strategies and future possibilities Author links open overlay panel". World Development. 13 (3): 273–292. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(85)90131-7.</ref> The industry was born in Mumbai in 1967 with the establishment of Tata Consultancy Services<ref name="auto2">"Top 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing Cities" (PDF). www.itida.gov.eg. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2010.</ref> who in 1977 partnered with Burroughs which began India's export of IT services.<ref name="doccentre1">"Special Economic Zones: Profits At Any Cost". Doccentre.net. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2010.</ref> The first software export zone, SEEPZ – the precursor to the modern-day IT park – was established in Mumbai in 1973. More than 80 percent of the country's software exports were from SEEPZ in the 1980s.<ref name="auto2"/>

Within 90 days of its establishment, the Task Force produced an extensive background report on the state of technology in India and an IT Action Plan with 108 recommendations. The Task Force could act quickly because it built upon the experience and frustrations of state governments, central government agencies, universities, and the software industry. Much of what it proposed was also consistent with the thinking and recommendations of international bodies like the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and World Bank. In addition, the Task Force incorporated the experiences of Singapore and other nations, which implemented similar programs. It was less a task of invention than of sparking action on a consensus that had already evolved within the networking community and government.

TIDEL Park in Chennai was the largest IT park in Asia when it was opened in 1999.

Regulated VSAT links became visible in 1994.<ref>"Online Journal of Space Communication". Spacejournal.ohio.edu. Retrieved 28 September 2013.</ref> Desai (2006) describes the steps taken to relax regulations on linking in 1991:

In 1991 the Department of Electronics broke this impasse, creating a corporation called Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) that, being owned by the government, could provide VSAT communications without breaching its monopoly. STPI set up software technology parks in different cities, each of which provided satellite links to be used by firms; the local link was a wireless radio link. In 1993 the government began to allow individual companies their own dedicated links, which allowed work done in India to be transmitted abroad directly. Indian firms soon convinced their American customers that a satellite link was as reliable as a team of programmers working in the clients' office.

A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development. On 25 June 2002, India and the European Union agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology. From 2017, India holds an Associate Member State status at CERN, while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Center will be located in Bangalore.<ref name="India Telecom Laws and Regulations">India Telecom Laws and Regulations Handbook. Int'l Business Publication. 2013. p. 300. ISBN 978-1433081903.</ref>

Indian IT revenues

Main article: Big Tech (India)
Indian IT and BPM industry's revenues
in US$ (as of FY23)
Export revenues 194 billion
Domestic revenues 51 billion
Total IT Revenues 245 billion
Total direct employees in IT sector: 54 lakh

In the contemporary world economy, India is the largest exporter of IT. The contribution of the IT sector in India's GDP rose from 1.2% in 1998 to 7% in 2019.<ref>Rakheja, Bhaswar Kumar Harshit (28 January 2022). "Will Indian IT industry sustain its growth momentum?". Business Standard India.</ref> Exports dominate the Indian IT industry and constitute about 79% of the industry's total revenue. However, the domestic market is also significant, with robust revenue growth.<ref name="nasscom">"nformation technology/business process management (IT-BPM) sector in India as a share of India's gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2017". NASSCOM. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.</ref>

The industry's share of total Indian exports (merchandise plus services) increased from less than 4% in FY1998 to about 25% in FY2012. The technologically inclined services sector in India accounts for 40% of the country's GDP and 30% of export earnings as of 2006, while employing only 25% of its workforce, according to Sharma (2006). According to Gartner, the "Top Five Indian IT Services Providers" are Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Wipro, Tech Mahindra, and HCL Technologies.<ref name="gartner">"Gartner Says Top six Indian IT Services Providers Grew 23.8 Percent In 2011". Gartner.com. 7 May 2012. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2013.</ref>

The IT and BPM industry's revenue is estimated at US$194 billion in FY 2021, an increase of 2.3% YoY.<ref name="ibef.org"/> The domestic revenue of the IT industry is estimated at US$45 billion and export revenue is estimated at US$150 billion in FY 2021.<ref name="ibef.org">"Indian IT & BPM Industry Analysis". India Brand Equity Foundation. 21 October 2021.</ref> The IT industry employed almost 2.8 million employees in FY 2021.<ref>Nisha, Nazir Taj; Nawaz, Nishad; Mahalakshmi, Jayakumar; Gajenderan, Vijayakumar; Hasani, Islam (2022). "A Study on the Impact of Sustainable Leadership and Core Competencies on Sustainable Competitive Advantage in the Information Technology (IT) Sector". Sustainability. 14 (11): 6899. doi:10.3390/su14116899. ISSN 2071-1050.</ref> The IT–BPM sector overall employs 5.4 million people as of March 2023.<ref>"India's tech industry set to reach $245 billion in FY23". 2 March 2023.</ref><ref>"Employment of the IT–BPM industry in India from financial year 2009 to 2021". Statista. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.</ref>

In 2022, companies within the sector faced significant employee attrition and intense competition in hirings.<ref>Sengupta, Devina (22 April 2022). "Entry-level salaries at IT cos set to rise amid high attrition". mint. Retrieved 30 April 2022.</ref> Indian IT revenues grow fastest in a decade to $227 billion in COVID-19 pandemic -hit FY22. NASSCOM in its Strategic Review predicted that the IT industry can achieve the ambitious target of being a US$ 350 billion by FY26 growing at a rate of 11-14 per cent.[citation needed]

India BPO and BPM

Main article: Business process outsourcing to India
Software Technology Park of India, Patna

STPI envisaged under Digital India program launched the India BPO Promotion Scheme (IBPS). this scheme seek to incentivize establishment of 48,300 seats in respect of business process outsourcing (BPO) and information technology-enabled services (ITES) operations in India. STPI is the nodal agency of this scheme under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. In 2017 the Director General of STPI announced the launch of 48,000 such seats across the country, with a target employment of 72,450 in the sector.<ref>"A first in Bihar: 1000-seat BPO centre to start operations in Patna from tomorrow".</ref><ref>"Government set to expand BPO scheme under Digital India initiative to 1 lakh seats".</ref> The government provides financial support of up to Rs 1 lakh per seat under two plans—India BPO Promotion Scheme and North East BPO Promotion Scheme. The Scheme was distributed among each State in proportion of the State's population with an outlay of Rs. 543 Crore. 50,000 employment were reported as of August 2023 under the India BPO Promotion Scheme (IBPS).<ref>"PULSUS Group Tops IBPS Seats, Generates 5,000 Jobs and ₹41 Crore VGF Funding by Government of India". ww.expresscomputer.in.</ref>

Indian BPOs include Genpact, Infosys BPM, Pulsus Group and WNS Global Services.<ref>"Pulsus Group secures highest seat allocations under Indian BPO Promotion Scheme".</ref><ref>"BPO India: How technology is changing the game". The Times of India.</ref>

Andhra Pradesh, as part of the Digital India IBPS Promotion Scheme (IBPS), has secured 13,792 seats out of a total of 48,300 seats available across India and created 10,000 jobs.<ref>"BPO, IT sectors generate 10k jobs despite lockdown woes". The Times of India. 24 November 2020.</ref><ref>"Visakhapatnam-based firm gets 5,000 seats under IBPS". The Times of India. 24 September 2023.</ref> Pulsus obtained 4,095 IBPS seats. 5,000 jobs were established in Visakhapatnam, with 4,000 of these being filled by women.<ref>"Women constitute 75% of workforce in Pulsus Group". The Hans India. 2 March 2023.</ref> Pulsus also received Rs. 41 crore in viability gap funding, creating 25,000 jobs between 2008 and 2023, including 5,000 through IBPS. Minister Rajeev Chandrasekhar said in 2023 that the government aims to extend the programme.<ref>"Pioneering transformation in digital India through IBPS". The Hans India. 22 September 2023.</ref><ref>"PULSUS Group Tops IBPS Seats, Generates 5,000 Jobs and ₹41 Crore VGF Funding by Government of India". www.expresscomputer.in. 23 September 2023.</ref>

State wise revenue in IT exports

Main article: Software Technology Parks of India § Exports_by_STPI_registered_IT/ITeS_units

Below is the State wise list of revenue in IT exports as of FY2023.<ref>"Karnataka's IT exports crossed ₹3 lakh crore in FY 2023: Priyank Kharge". The Times of India. 16 November 2021.</ref><ref>"'Hyderabad is no competition for Bengaluru & its talent base'". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref><ref>"Karnataka's IT export targets to be lowered amid downturn".</ref><ref name="auto3">"Telangana@8: IT exports leap to Rs 1.83 lakh crore in 2022". The Times of India. 21 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.</ref>

S.No State Revenue in IT exports (US$ billion) Revenue in IT exports (₹ Cr)
1 Karnataka 65 billion 5.21 lakh
2 Maharashtra 33 billion 2.45 lakh
3 Telangana 32 billion 2.41 lakh
4 Tamil Nadu 22 billion 1.79 lakh

Largest Indian IT companies based on market capitalisation

Top IT services companies in India in 2022 by market capitalization.<ref>"Top 10 Indian companies by market value".</ref><ref>"HCL Technologies becomes 4th IT firm to hit Rs 3 trillion market-cap". 13 August 2021.</ref><ref>"Market capitalization".</ref><ref>Agarwal, Nikhil. "LTI-Mindtree merger comes into effect, becomes 5th largest IT company by m-cap". The Economic Times.</ref><ref>"Wipro third IT co to hit ₹4 trillion market cap". 14 October 2021.</ref> In September 2021, TCS recorded a market capitalisation of US$ 200 billion, making it the first Indian IT tech company to do so.<ref>"TCS 2nd Indian company to hit $200 billion mcap after RIL". The Times of India. 16 September 2021.</ref><ref>"TCS Market Capitalisation Hits $200 Billion As Shares Jump To Fresh Highs".</ref><ref>Krishnan, Raghu (15 September 2021). "TCS first Indian tech company to cross $200 billion market cap". The Economic Times.</ref> On 24 August 2021, Infosys became the fourth Indian company to reach $100 billion in market capitalization.<ref>"Infosys becomes 4th Indian company to touch $100 bn market cap". The Times of India.</ref><ref>Salil, K. (24 August 2021). "Infosys becomes fourth Indian company to reach market cap of $100 billion". The Federal. Retrieved 31 August 2021.</ref>

Rank IT Services Company name Market capitalization in 2022(US$ Billion) Market capitalization in 2022(₹ Cr)
1 Tata Consultancy Services 200 14,63,372.44
2 Infosys 100 7,34,140.78
3 Wipro 50 3,17,428
4 HCL Technologies 36.67 3,18,061
5 LTIMindtree 20.86 1,33,592.40
6 Tech Mahindra 12.65 1,33,592.40

Largest Indian IT companies in India based on revenue

Top IT services companies in India in 2022 by revenue.<ref>"HCL Tech beats Wipro to become India's third largest IT company".</ref><ref>"LTIMindtree to have fifth largest BFSI portfolio". The Times of India. 9 May 2022.</ref>

Rank IT Services Company name Revenue in 2022(US$ Billion) Revenue in 2022(₹ Cr)
1 Tata Consultancy Services 27.5 195,772
2 Infosys 18.2 123,936
3 HCL Technologies 12.3 85,651
4 Wipro 11.2 79,093
5 Tech Mahindra 6.5 38,642
6 LTIMindtree 4.1 33,000

Major information technology hubs

Bangalore

Offices of Oracle and others in Bangalore, India

Bangalore is a global technology hub and is India's biggest tech hub.<ref>"Bengaluru ranked 8th in global list of leading technology innovation hubs". 26 July 2021.</ref> As of fiscal 2016–17, Bangalore accounted for 38% of total IT exports from India worth $45 billion, employing 10 lakh people directly and 30 lakh indirectly.<ref>"'Bangalore will become the world's largest IT cluster by 2020'". Business Line. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</ref> The city is known as the "Silicon Valley of India".<ref>Canton, Naomi (6 December 2012). "How the 'Silicon' is bridging the digital divide". CNN. Retrieved 6 December 2012.</ref><ref>RAI, SARITHA (20 March 2006). "Is the Next Silicon Valley Taking Root in Bangalore?". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2006.</ref>

Bangalore is also known as the "startup capital of India"; the city is home to 44 percent of all Indian unicorn startup companies as of 2020.<ref>"Bengaluru is India's unicorn capital, reveals report". cnbctv18.com. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</ref>

Hyderabad

Amazon Hyderabad campus

Hyderabad – known for the HITEC City or Cyberabad – is India's second largest information technology exporter and a major global IT hub, and the largest bioinformatics hub in India.<ref>Udgirkar, Trushna (2 October 2015). "New innovation support centre to open in Hyderabad this month".</ref><ref>"Hyderabad to emerge as new biotechnology capital of India: Experts". www.PharmaBiz.com. Retrieved 3 November 2017.</ref> Hyderabad has emerged as the second largest city in the country for software exports pipping competitors Chennai and Pune.<ref>"Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014.</ref><ref>"CDFD to be Sun's first CoE in medical informatics". timesofindia-economictimes.</ref><ref>"Hyderabad Pips Chennai, Pune in Software Exports". newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 1 April 2018.</ref>

Chennai

See also: List of tech parks in Chennai
Zoho headquarters in Chennai
TCS Signature Tower and Butterfly Campus in Chennai, India

As of 2018, Chennai is India's third-largest exporter of information technology (IT) after Bangalore and Hyderabad and business process outsourcing (BPO) services.<ref name="Nasscom">"Chennai activities". NASSCOM. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</ref><ref name="itchennai2">Chandramouli, Rajesh (1 May 2008). "Chennai emerging as India's Silicon Valley?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</ref> TIDEL Park in Chennai was billed as Asia's largest IT park when it was built.<ref name="fordithub">"Ford's Rs. 200-cr. IT hub in Chennai". The Hindu. Chennai. 2 November 2000. Archived from the original on 30 January 2002. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</ref><ref>"Work ethics: How Indian cities fare". Rediff. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</ref><ref name="itchennai2" />

Pune

The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in Hinjawadi is a ₹60,000 crore (US$8.9 billion) project by the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC).<ref name="hinjewadiet">Bari, Prachi (7 December 2007). "Hinjawadi, the land of opportunity". The Economic times. India. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2009.</ref><ref>"Hinjawadi IT park". The MegaPolis. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2009.</ref> The IT Park encompasses an area of about 2,800 acres (11 km2) and is home to over 800 IT companies of all sizes.<ref name=":9">Banerjee, Shoumojit (27 May 2017). "Pune, where panic reigns an IT campus". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2018.</ref>

Delhi NCR

Delhi NCR is one of the major IT hubs in India. Cities in NCR like Gurgaon and Noida have several companies that serve the local and global markets who take help from these IT hubs.<ref>"Delhi NCR – an Emerging IT Hub in India". 29 March 2017.</ref>

Kolkata

See also: List of tech parks in Kolkata
Sector V Salt Lake - the IT hub of Kolkata
DLF IT Park, New Town

Kolkata (Greater) is one of the major and the biggest IT hub of East India. Most of the IT parks and offices are located at New Town and Bidhannagar. Salt Lake Electronics Complex in Salt Lake Sector-V is India's first fully integrated Electronics Complex.<ref>"Past and Present Economic Status of West Bengal: A Review" (PDF). www.trp.org.in.</ref> As of 2020, The IT sector employs more than 200,000 people directly. Total export from IT sector was estimated at ₹25,918 crore in 2021–22.<ref>"Software and Service Exports Rise". kolkata.stpi.in. 10 April 2022.</ref> In 2022, Kolkata generated 20,000 direct jobs in just 6 months, which is an all-time high for IT industry in East India.<ref>"Kolkata's Sector V, New Town on overdrive, add 20,000 IT jobs in last 6 months". The Times of India. 15 January 2023.</ref>

IT-BPM employees headcount by location

IT-BPM Employees headcount in India
S.No Region Employee Count in IT/ITES (as of FY23)
1 Bengaluru 15 lakh
2 Hyderabad 9.05 lakh
3 Chennai and Coimbatore 10 lakh
4 Pune 4 lakh

Controversies

The Indian IT-BPM industry has the highest employee attrition rate.<ref name=Mint>"Employee attrition a big headache for IT companies. Can they tide over it?". Mint. 25 August 2021.</ref><ref>"The 'great attrition': It's a difficult time to be a boss". The New Indian Express. 21 November 2021.</ref><ref name=TOI>"Despite bonuses and salary hikes, India's IT sector will see over a million resignations this year". The Times of India. 28 October 2021.</ref><ref>Vanamali, Krishna Veera (21 October 2021). "What's behind record staff exits at Indian IT giants?". Business Standard.</ref><ref name=Hindu>"Attrition in IT sector to cross 1 million this year'". The Hindu. 27 September 2021.</ref> In recent years, the industry has seen a surge in resignations at all levels.<ref name=Mint/><ref name=TOI/><ref name=Hindu/> As a global outsourcing hub, the Indian IT industry benefits from a lower cost of living and the consequent cheaper labor.<ref>"Workers riot at India iPhone factory over 'exploitation' claims". France 24. 13 December 2020.</ref><ref>"India's IT sector feels squeeze of higher US labor costs". The Nikkei. 25 October 2018.</ref>

In the last decade most of the IT companies developed indigenous R&D and innovation capabilities to develop home grown IT products.<ref>"No, India's High Tech Labor Isn't Leaving The U.S. For Bangalore". Forbes. 25 September 2017.</ref> As the IT–BPM sector evolves, many are concerned that artificial intelligence (AI) will drive significant automation and destroy jobs in the coming years.<ref>"Why automation could be a threat to India's growth". BBC News. 19 May 2017.</ref><ref>"Indian IT firms set to slash 3 mn jobs by 2022 due to automation: BofA report". Mint. 16 June 2021.</ref> Gedela Srinubabu underscored the importance of investing in education, envisioning a demand for 7 million AI engineers and data scientists to harness the $15 trillion global potential. Nevertheless, the ascent of AI carries a potential threat of replacing 50 million jobs globally by 2030, thus increasing the need for AI professionals and ethicists.<ref>"G20 Summit Spotlight: India's tech talent, AI revolution in manufacturing". The Hans India. 29 July 2023.</ref><ref>"AI, IOT can help reduce accidents in factories". Deccan Chronicle. 8 April 2023.</ref>

In recent years, many IT workers use forged experience certificates to gain entry into the Indian IT industry.<ref name="01fake">Sreedhar, Nemmani (3 April 2012). "Ameerpet, 'adda' for wannabe techies". The Hindu.</ref><ref name="02fake">"Foreign educational consultancies in net for fake documents case".</ref><ref name="03fake">"In the season of IT layoffs, Rs 10,000 can get you a letter of experience". 7 June 2017.</ref><ref>"Hard times for 'fake' techies | Hyderabad News - Times of India". The Times of India. 10 September 2011.</ref><ref>Sengupta, Devina. "Ameerpet houses hundreds of IT institutes and over one lakh students". The Economic Times.</ref><ref>"Telangana: Fake educational certificate racket busted, four arrested". 5 July 2022.</ref><ref>"Bengaluru turning hub of fake degree rackets?".</ref><ref>"Bangalore cops bust fake work experience certificate racket, 200 may lose jobs".</ref> These fake documents are provided by consultancies that are mainly operating out of Hyderabad and Bangalore.<ref name="01fake"/><ref name="02fake"/><ref name="03fake"/> IT professionals frequently use proxy interviews to clear interviews, but the majority of the phoney candidates are rejected during the interview round.<ref>"Hyderabad blues: IT firms complain as candidates con their way to jobs | Hyderabad News - Times of India". The Times of India. 20 August 2022.</ref>

A 2017 study of technical support scams published at the NDSS Symposium found that, of the tech support scams in which the IPs involved could be geolocated, 85% could be traced to locations in India.<ref>Miramirkhani, Najmeh; Starov, Oleksii; Nikiforakis, Nick (27 February 2017). Dial One for Scam: A Large-Scale Analysis of Technical Support Scams. NDSS Symposium 2017. San Diego: Internet Society. pp. 1–15. arXiv:1607.06891. doi:10.14722/ndss.2017.23163.</ref> Indian call centres are infamous for defrauding customers from the US and Europe.<ref name="auto1">Poonam, Snigdha (2 January 2018). "The scammers gaming India's overcrowded job market". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</ref><ref name="auto">Vaidyanathan, Rajini (8 March 2020). "Confessions of a call-centre scammer". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</ref><ref>Vidhi Doshi (8 February 2018). "More than 11,000 Americans targeted in India call center tax fraud". The Washington Post. New Delhi. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 2269358. Retrieved 8 February 2018.</ref><ref>Yudhijit Bhattacharjee (21 April 2021). "Who's Making All Those Scam Calls?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved 21 April 2021.</ref><ref>Sameer Yasir; Hari Kumar (17 December 2020). "Indian Call-Center Plot Fooled Americans Into Paying Over $14 Million". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved 17 December 2020.</ref><ref>Shefali Anand (5 October 2016). "Indian Police Bust IRS 'Scam Center'". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. OCLC 781541372. Retrieved 5 October 2016.</ref> Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai are the main operating locations for these fraud call centres.<ref>"FBI dials desi 'call centres' as Americans lost Rs 6,400 cr in 'tech support' fraud in '22". The Times of India. 27 December 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref><ref>"'US citizens lost over $20 million in fraud calls, India's reputation lowered': CBI to Delhi court". 13 December 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref><ref>Pandey, Devesh K. (5 October 2022). "'Operation Chakra': Call centres busted by CBI were operating since 2014-15". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 March 2023 – via www.thehindu.com.</ref><ref>Menon, Vandana (13 July 2022). "Kolkata is India's newest, biggest scam zone. Police, YouTubers, mice can't shut it down". Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref>

See also

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References

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Sources

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