Minimalism
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Template:Infobox art movement In visual arts, music and other media, minimalism is an art movement that began in post–World War II in Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Donald Judd, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, Robert Morris, Anne Truitt and Frank Stella.<ref>"Christopher Want, Minimalism, Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2009". Moma.org. Retrieved 27 June 2014.</ref><ref name="Minimalism">"Minimalism". theartstory.org. 2012.</ref> The movement is often interpreted as a reaction against abstract expressionism and modernism; it anticipated contemporary postminimal art practices, which extend or reflect on minimalism's original objectives.
Minimalism in music often features repetition and gradual variation, such as the works of La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Julius Eastman and John Adams. The term minimalist often colloquially refers to anything or anyone that is spare or stripped to its essentials. It has accordingly been used to describe the plays and novels of Samuel Beckett, the films of Robert Bresson, the stories of Raymond Carver, and the automobile designs of Colin Chapman. The word was first used in English in the early 20th century to describe a 1915 composition by the Soviet painter Kasimir Malevich, Black Square.<ref>"Minimalism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 July 2023.</ref>[failed verification]
Visual arts
Minimalism in visual art, sometimes called "minimal art", "literalist art" <ref>Fried, Michael (June 1967). "Art and Objecthood". Artforum. Vol. 5. pp. 12–23. Reprinted: "Art and Objecthood". Art and Objecthood: Essays and Reviews. University of Chicago Press. 1998. pp. 148–172. ISBN 0-226-26318-5.</ref> and "ABC Art",<ref>Rose, Barbara. "ABC Art", Art in America 53, no. 5 (October–November 1965): 57–69.</ref> refers to a specific movement of artists that emerged in New York in the early 1960s in response to abstract expressionism.<ref name="britannica.com">"Minimalism". Britannica. 20 July 1998.</ref> Examples of artists working in painting that are associated with Minimalism include Nassos Daphnis, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Al Held, Ellsworth Kelly, Robert Ryman and others; those working in sculpture include Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, David Smith, Anthony Caro and more. Minimalism in painting can be characterized by the use of the hard edge, linear lines, simple forms, and an emphasis on two dimensions.<ref name="britannica.com"/> Minimalism in sculpture can be characterized by very simple geometric shapes often made of industrial materials like plastic, metal, aluminum, concrete, and fiberglass;<ref name="britannica.com"/> these materials are usually left raw or painted a solid colour.
Minimalism was in part a reaction against the painterly subjectivity of Abstract Expressionism that had been dominant in the New York School during the 1940s and 1950s.<ref>Battcock, Gregory (3 August 1995). Gregory Battcock, Minimal Art: a critical anthology, pp 161–172. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520201477. Retrieved 27 June 2014.</ref> Dissatisfied with the intuitive and spontaneous qualities of Action Painting, and Abstract Expressionism more broadly, Minimalism as an art movement asserted that a work of art should not refer to anything other than itself and should omit any extra-visual association.<ref>"Minimalism". Britannica. 20 July 1998.</ref>
Donald Judd's work was showcased in 1964 at Green Gallery in Manhattan, as were Flavin's first fluorescent light works, while other leading Manhattan galleries like Leo Castelli Gallery and Pace Gallery also began to showcase artists focused on minimalist ideas.
Minimalism in visual art broadly
In a more general sense, minimalism as a visual strategy can be found in the geometric abstractions of painters associated with the Bauhaus movement, in the works of Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian and other artists associated with the De Stijl movement, the Russian Constructivist movement, and in the work of the Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncuși.<ref>"Maureen Mullarkey, Art Critical, Giorgio Morandi". Artcritical.com. October 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2014.</ref><ref>Marzona, Daniel (2004). Daniel Marzona, Uta Grosenick; Minimal art, p.12. Taschen. ISBN 9783822830604. Retrieved 27 June 2014.</ref>
Minimalism as a formal strategy has been deployed in the paintings of Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Josef Albers, and the works of artists as diverse as Pablo Picasso, Yayoi Kusama, Giorgio Morandi, and others. Yves Klein had painted monochromes as early as 1949, and held the first private exhibition of this work in 1950—but his first public showing was the publication of the Artist's book Yves: Peintures in November 1954.<ref>Hannah Weitemeier, Yves Klein, 1928–1962: International Klein Blue, Original-Ausgabe (Cologne: Taschen, 1994), 15. ISBN 3-8228-8950-4.</ref><ref>"Restoring the Immaterial: Study and Treatment of Yves Klein's Blue Monochrome (IKB42)". Modern Paint Uncovered.</ref>
Design, architecture, and spaces
The term minimalism is also used to describe a trend in design and architecture, wherein the subject is reduced to its necessary elements.<ref>Sfetcu, Nicolae (7 May 2014). The Music Sound. Nicolae Sfetcu.</ref> Minimalist architectural designers focus on the connection between two perfect planes, elegant lighting, and the void spaces left by the removal of three-dimensional shapes in an architectural design.[according to whom?][citation needed] Minimalist architecture became popular in the late 1980s in London and New York,<ref name="FOOTNOTECerver19978–11">Cerver 1997, pp. 8–11.</ref> whereby architects and fashion designers worked together in the boutiques to achieve simplicity, using white elements, cold lighting, and large spaces with minimal furniture and few decorative elements.
Minimalistic design has been highly influenced by Japanese traditional design and architecture.<ref>Vasilski, Dragana (2015). "Minimalism in architecture: Abstract conceptualization of architecture". Arhitektura I Urbanizam (40): 16–23. doi:10.5937/a-u0-6858. ISSN 0354-6055.</ref> The works of De Stijl artists are a major reference: De Stijl expanded the ideas of expression by meticulously organizing basic elements such as lines and planes.<ref>"De Stijl Movement Overview". The Art Story. Retrieved 26 October 2022.</ref> With regard to home design, more attractive "minimalistic" designs are not truly minimalistic because they are larger, and use more expensive building materials and finishes.[citation needed]
There are observers who describe the emergence of minimalism as a response to the brashness and chaos of urban life. In Japan, for example, minimalist architecture began to gain traction in the 1980s when its cities experienced rapid expansion and booming population. The design was considered an antidote to the "overpowering presence of traffic, advertising, jumbled building scales, and imposing roadways."<ref>Ostwald, Michael; Vaughan, Josephine (2016). The Fractal Dimension of Architecture. Mathematics and the Built Environment. Cham, Switzerland: Birkhäuser; Springer International Publishing. p. 316. ISBN 9783319324241.</ref> The chaotic environment was not only driven by urbanization, industrialization, and technology but also the Japanese experience of constantly having to demolish structures on account of the destruction wrought by World War II and the earthquakes, including the calamities it entails such as fire. The minimalist design philosophy did not arrive in Japan by way of another country, as it was already part of the Japanese culture rooted on the Zen philosophy. There are those who specifically attribute the design movement to Japan's spirituality and view of nature.<ref name="FOOTNOTECerver199713">Cerver 1997, p. 13.</ref>
Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969) adopted the motto "Less is more" to describe his aesthetic.<ref group="lower-alpha">See Johnson 1947. A similar sentiment was conveyed by industrial designer Dieter Rams' motto, "Less but better."</ref> His tactic was one of arranging the necessary components of a building to create an impression of extreme simplicity—he enlisted every element and detail to serve multiple visual and functional purposes; for example, designing a floor to also serve as the radiator, or a massive fireplace to also house the bathroom. Designer Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983) adopted the engineer's goal of "Doing more with less", but his concerns were oriented toward technology and engineering rather than aesthetics.<ref name="FOOTNOTEJohnson194749">Johnson 1947, p. 49.</ref>
Concepts and design elements
The concept of minimalist architecture is to strip everything down to its essential quality and achieve simplicity.<ref name="FOOTNOTEBertoni200210">Bertoni 2002, p. 10.</ref> The idea is not completely without ornamentation,<ref name="Rossell">Rossell 2005, p. 6</ref> but that all parts, details, and joinery are considered as reduced to a stage where no one can remove anything further to improve the design.<ref name="Pawson">Pawson 1996, p. 7</ref>
The considerations for 'essences' are light, form, detail of material, space, place, and human condition.<ref name="Bertoni15-16">Bertoni 2002, pp. 15–16</ref> Minimalist architects not only consider the physical qualities of the building. They consider the spiritual dimension and the invisible, by listening to the figure and paying attention to details, people, space, nature, and materials.,<ref name="Bertoni21">Bertoni 2002, p. 21</ref> believing this reveals the abstract quality of something that is invisible and aids the search for the essence of those invisible qualities—such as natural light, sky, earth, and air. In addition, they "open a dialogue" with the surrounding environment to decide the most essential materials for the construction and create relationships between buildings and sites.<ref name="Rossell"/>
In minimalist architecture, design elements strive to convey the message of simplicity. The basic geometric forms, elements without decoration, simple materials and the repetitions of structures represent a sense of order and essential quality.<ref name="FOOTNOTEPawson19968">Pawson 1996, p. 8.</ref> The movement of natural light in buildings reveals simple and clean spaces.<ref name="Bertoni15-16"/> In the late 19th century as the arts and crafts movement became popular in Britain, people valued the attitude of 'truth to materials' with respect to the profound and innate characteristics of materials.<ref name="FOOTNOTESaito200787–88">Saito 2007, pp. 87–88.</ref> Minimalist architects humbly 'listen to figure,' seeking essence and simplicity by rediscovering the valuable qualities in simple and common materials.<ref name="Bertoni21"/>
Influences from Japanese tradition
The idea of simplicity appears in many cultures, especially the Japanese traditional culture of Zen Buddhist philosophy. Japanese manipulate the Zen culture into aesthetic and design elements for their buildings.<ref name="FOOTNOTESaito200785–97">Saito 2007, pp. 85–97.</ref> This idea of architecture has influenced Western society, especially in America since the mid 18th century.<ref name="FOOTNOTELancaster1953217–224">Lancaster 1953, pp. 217–224.</ref> Moreover, it inspired the minimalist architecture in the 19th century.<ref name="Pawson" />
Zen concepts of simplicity transmit the ideas of freedom and essence of living.<ref name="Pawson"/> Simplicity is not only aesthetic value, it has a moral perception that looks into the nature of truth and reveals the inner qualities and essence of materials and objects.<ref name="FOOTNOTESaito200787">Saito 2007, p. 87.</ref> For example, the sand garden in Ryōan-ji temple demonstrates the concepts of simplicity and the essentiality from the considered setting of a few stones and a huge empty space.<ref name="FOOTNOTEPawson199698">Pawson 1996, p. 98.</ref>
The Japanese aesthetic principle of Ma refers to empty or open space. It removes all the unnecessary internal walls and opens up the space. The emptiness of spatial arrangement reduces everything down to the most essential quality.<ref name="FOOTNOTEBertoni200223">Bertoni 2002, p. 23.</ref>
The Japanese aesthetic of wabi-sabi values the quality of simple and plain objects.<ref name="FOOTNOTESaito200785">Saito 2007, p. 85.</ref> It appreciates the absence of unnecessary features, treasures a life in quietness and aims to reveal the innate character of materials.<ref name="FOOTNOTEPawson199610–11">Pawson 1996, pp. 10–11.</ref> For example, the Japanese floral art of ikebana has the central principle of letting the flower express itself. People cut off the branches, leaves and blossoms from the plants and only retain the essential part of the plant. This conveys the idea of essential quality and innate character in nature.<ref name="FOOTNOTESaito200786">Saito 2007, p. 86.</ref>
Minimalist architects and their works
The Japanese minimalist architect Tadao Ando conveys the Japanese traditional spirit and his own perception of nature in his works. His design concepts are materials, pure geometry and nature. He normally uses concrete or natural wood and basic structural form to achieve austerity and rays of light in space. He also sets up dialogue between the site and nature to create relationship and order with the buildings.<ref name="FOOTNOTEBertoni200296–106">Bertoni 2002, pp. 96–106.</ref> Ando's works and the translation of Japanese aesthetic principles are highly influential on Japanese architecture.<ref name="FOOTNOTECerver199713">Cerver 1997, p. 13.</ref>
Another Japanese minimalist architect, Kazuyo Sejima, works on her own and in conjunction with Ryue Nishizawa, as SANAA, producing iconic Japanese Minimalist buildings. Credited with creating and influencing a particular genre of Japanese Minimalism,<ref>Puglisi, L. P. (2008), New Directions in Contemporary Architecture, Chichester, John Wiley and Sons.</ref> Sejimas delicate, intelligent designs may use white color, thin construction sections and transparent elements to create the phenomenal building type often associated with minimalism. Works include New Museum (2010) New York City, Small House (2000) Tokyo, House surrounded By Plum Trees (2003) Tokyo.
In Vitra Conference Pavilion, Weil am Rhein, 1993, the concepts are to bring together the relationships between building, human movement, site and nature. Which as one main point of minimalism ideology that establish dialogue between the building and site. The building uses the simple forms of circle and rectangle to contrast the filled and void space of the interior and nature. In the foyer, there is a large landscape window that looks out to the exterior. This achieves the simple and silence of architecture and enhances the light, wind, time and nature in space.<ref name="FOOTNOTECerver199718–29">Cerver 1997, pp. 18–29.</ref>
John Pawson is a British minimalist architect; his design concepts are soul, light, and order. He believes that though reduced clutter and simplification of the interior to a point that gets beyond the idea of essential quality, there is a sense of clarity and richness of simplicity instead of emptiness. The materials in his design reveal the perception toward space, surface, and volume. Moreover, he likes to use natural materials because of their aliveness, sense of depth and quality of an individual. He is also attracted by the important influences from Japanese Zen Philosophy.<ref name="FOOTNOTEPawson199610–14">Pawson 1996, pp. 10–14.</ref>
Calvin Klein Madison Avenue, New York, 1995–96, is a boutique that conveys Calvin Klein's ideas of fashion. John Pawson's interior design concepts for this project are to create simple, peaceful and orderly spatial arrangements. He used stone floors and white walls to achieve simplicity and harmony for space. He also emphasises reduction and eliminates the visual distortions, such as the air conditioning and lamps, to achieve a sense of purity for the interior.<ref name="FOOTNOTECerver1997170–177">Cerver 1997, pp. 170–177.</ref>
Alberto Campo Baeza is a Spanish architect and describes his work as essential architecture. He values the concepts of light, idea and space. Light is essential and achieves the relationship between inhabitants and the building. Ideas are to meet the function and context of space, forms, and construction. Space is shaped by the minimal geometric forms to avoid decoration that is not essential.<ref name="FOOTNOTEBertoni2002182">Bertoni 2002, p. 182.</ref>
Literature
Literary minimalism is characterized by an economy with words and a focus on surface description. Minimalist writers eschew adverbs and prefer allowing context to dictate meaning. Readers are expected to take an active role in creating the story, to "choose sides" based on oblique hints and innuendo, rather than react to directions from the writer.<ref>Clark, Robert C. (2014). American literary minimalism (1st ed.). Tuscaloosa, Alabama. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8173-8750-1. OCLC 901275325.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</ref>
Austrian architect and theorist Adolf Loos published early writings about minimalism in Ornament and Crime<ref>Loos, Adolf (1913). Ornament and Crime.</ref>
Some 1940s-era crime fiction of writers such as James M. Cain and Jim Thompson adopted a stripped-down, matter-of-fact prose style to considerable effect; some[who?] classify this prose style as minimalism.
Another strand of literary minimalism arose in response to the metafiction trend of the 1960s and early 1970s (John Barth, Robert Coover, and William H. Gass). These writers were also sparse with prose and kept a psychological distance from their subject matter.[citation needed]
Minimalist writers, or those who are identified with minimalism during certain periods of their writing careers, include the following: Raymond Carver,<ref>Wiegand, David (19 December 2009). "Serendipitous stay led writer to Raymond Carver". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> Ann Beattie,<ref>Gale, Cengage Learning (2016). A Study Guide for Ann Beattie's ""Janus"". Farmington Hills: Gale, Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4103-5001-5. OCLC 956647072.</ref> Bret Easton Ellis,<ref>Wagner, Katharina (27 January 2020). Simulacra and Nothingness in Bret Easton Ellis' "Less Than Zero". GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-346-10821-0.</ref><ref>Obispo, Brian Anderson Gil, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis (24 May 2020). "Bret Easton Ellis Remains a Strong Example of a Brave Writer". Study Breaks. Retrieved 25 March 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</ref> Charles Bukowski,<ref>Conway, Mark (26 July 2017). "Bukowski, Charles". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.603. ISBN 978-0-19-020109-8. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref><ref>"Dirty Realism". Poem Analysis. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref> Ernest Hemingway,<ref>Obendorf, Hartmut (2009). Minimalism : designing simplicity. Dordrecht [The Netherlands]: Springer. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-84882-371-6. OCLC 432702821.</ref><ref>Davidow, Shelley (2016). Playing with Words A Introduction to Creative Craft. Paul Williams. London: Macmillan Education UK. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-137-53254-1. OCLC 1164505442.</ref><ref>Meyer, Michael J. (2004). Literature and the Writer. Boston: BRILL. p. 213. ISBN 978-94-012-0134-6. OCLC 1239991574.</ref><ref>"Ernest Hemingway is an example of minimalist writing that indicates flexibility in using relevant phrases shown in his book Research paper for students". Campuscrosswalk. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref><ref>Greaney, Philip John (2006). Less is More: American Short Story Minimalism in Ernest Hemingway, Raymond Carver and Frederick Barthelme (phd thesis). The Open University.</ref> K. J. Stevens,<ref>"K.J. Stevens". The Crooked Steeple. 25 November 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref> Amy Hempel,<ref>"Amy Hempel". www.beloit.edu. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref><ref>Franklin, Ruth (19 March 2019). "Amy Hempel Is the Master of the Minimalist Short Story". The Atlantic. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref><ref>Mambrol, Nasrullah (23 April 2020). "Analysis of Amy Hempel's Stories". Literary Theory and Criticism. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref> Bobbie Ann Mason,<ref>"Shiloh Writing Style". www.shmoop.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref><ref>Marin, Candela Delgado (1 December 2016). "Bobbie Ann Mason Challenges the Myth of Southernness: Postmodern Identities, Blurring Borders and Literary Labels". Journal of the Short Story in English. Les Cahiers de la nouvelle (67): 223–242. ISSN 0294-0442.</ref><ref>"Bobbie Ann Mason: Biography & Writing Style". StudySmarter UK. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref> Tobias Wolff,<ref>Guerrero-Strachan, Santiago Rodríguez (1 January 2012). Realism and Narrators in Tobias Wolff's Short Stories. Brill. ISBN 978-94-012-0839-0.</ref><ref>"Literary Minimalism and Tobias Wolff". prezi.com. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref><ref>"Wolff, Tobias". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref> Grace Paley,<ref>النهار, عبد الاله (1 October 2018). "غريس بالي: کاتبة اختزالية معاصرة". حوليات أداب عين شمس. 46 (أکتوبر – دیسمبر (ج)): 375–384. doi:10.21608/aafu.2018.48113. ISSN 1110-7227. S2CID 204619942.</ref><ref>"Grace Paley, Master of Minimalist Writing". A Women's Thing. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref> Sandra Cisneros,<ref>Bloom, Harold (2010). Sandra Cisneros's The house on Mango Street (New ed.). New York City, NY, USA: Bloom's Literature. ISBN 978-1604138122. OCLC 401141774. OL 24478421M.</ref> Mary Robison,<ref>Jones, Sophie A. (22 May 2020). "Minimalism's Attention Deficit: Distraction, Description, and Mary Robison's Why Did I Ever". American Literary History. England: Oxford University Press. 32 (2): 301–327. doi:10.1093/alh/ajaa004. PMC 7446296. PMID 32863576. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref> Frederick Barthelme,<ref>"Academic Book: Novels and Short Stories of Frederick Barthelme. A Literary Critical Analysis". mellenpress.com. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref> Richard Ford, Patrick Holland,<ref>"Patrick Holland – The Hong Kong International Literary Festival". Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</ref> Cormac McCarthy,<ref>Bailey, Jeremy R. (December 2010). Mining for meaning: A study of minimalism in American literature (PhD dissertation). Texas Tech University. hdl:2346/ETD-TTU-2010-12-1149.</ref><ref>Greenwood, Willard P. (2009). Reading Cormac McCarthy. Santa Barbara, Calif. ISBN 978-0-313-35665-0. OCLC 615600400.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</ref> and Alicia Erian.[citation needed]
American poets such as Stephen Crane, William Carlos Williams, early Ezra Pound, Robert Creeley, Robert Grenier, and Aram Saroyan are sometimes identified with their minimalist style. The term "minimalism" is also sometimes associated with the briefest of poetic genres, haiku, which originated in Japan, but has been domesticated in English literature by poets such as Nick Virgilio, Raymond Roseliep, and George Swede.[citation needed]
The Irish writer Samuel Beckett is well known for his minimalist plays and prose, as is the Norwegian writer Jon Fosse.<ref>Davies, Paul. "Samuel Beckett". Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 December 2016.</ref>
Dimitris Lyacos's With the People from the Bridge, combining elliptical monologues with a pared-down prose narrative, is a contemporary example of minimalist playwrighting.<ref>"From the Ruins of Europe: Lyacos's Debt-Riddled Greece" by Joseph Labernik, Tikkun, 21 August 2015</ref><ref>"The Commonline Journal: Review of Dimitris Lyacos's With the People from the Bridge". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. "The Commonline Journal: Review of Dimitris Lyacos's with the People from the Bridge | Editor Note by Ada Fetters". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2019.[dead link]</ref>
In his novel The Easy Chain, Evan Dara includes a 60-page section written in the style of musical minimalism, in particular inspired by composer Steve Reich. Intending to represent the psychological state (agitation) of the novel's main character, the section's successive lines of text are built on repetitive and developing phrases.[citation needed]
Music
The term "minimal music" was derived around 1970 by Michael Nyman from the concept of minimalism, which was earlier applied to the visual arts.<ref name=Bernard93>Bernard, Jonathan W. (Winter 1993). "The Minimalist Aesthetic in the Plastic Arts and in Music". Perspectives of New Music. 31 (1): 87. doi:10.2307/833043. JSTOR 833043., citing Dan Warburton as his authority.</ref><ref name=Warburton88>Warburton, Dan. "A Working Terminology for Minimal Music". Retrieved 11 January 2014.</ref> More precisely, it was in a 1968 review in The Spectator that Nyman first used<ref name=Spectator2018>Spectator (6 December 2018). "The Birth of Minimalism". Retrieved 3 June 2023., but note that although this article claims that Nyman's article was "The Origin of Minimalism", that word appears nowhere in the text</ref> the term, to describe a ten-minute piano composition by the Danish composer Henning Christiansen, along with several other unnamed pieces played by Charlotte Moorman and Nam June Paik at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London.<ref>Nyman, Michael (11 October 1968). "Minimal Music". The Spectator. Vol. 221, no. 7320. pp. 518–519 (519).</ref>
However, the roots of minimal music are older. In France between 1947 and 1948,<ref>"Yves Klein (1928–1962)". documents/biography. Yves Klein Archives & McDourduff. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.</ref> Yves Klein conceived his Monotone Symphony (1949, formally The Monotone-Silence Symphony) that consisted of a single 20-minute sustained chord followed by a 20-minute silence<ref>Gilbert Perlein & Bruno Corà (eds) & al., Yves Klein: Long Live the Immaterial! ("An anthological retrospective", catalog of an exhibition held in 2000), New York: Delano Greenidge, 2000, ISBN 978-0-929445-08-3, p. 226: "This symphony, 40 minutes in length (in fact 20 minutes followed by 20 minutes of silence) is constituted of a single 'sound' stretched out, deprived of its attack and end which creates a sensation of vertigo, whirling the sensibility outside time."</ref><ref>See also at YvesKleinArchives.org a 1998 sound excerpt of The Monotone Symphony Archived 2008-12-08 at the Wayback Machine (Flash plugin required), its short description Archived 2008-10-28 at the Wayback Machine, and Klein's "Chelsea Hotel Manifesto" Archived 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machine (including a summary of the 2-part Symphony).</ref> – a precedent to both La Monte Young's drone music and John Cage's 4′33″.
Film and cinema
In film, minimalism usually is associated with filmmakers such as Robert Bresson, Chantal Akerman, Carl Theodor Dreyer, and Yasujirō Ozu. Their films typically tell a simple story with straightforward camera usage and minimal use of score. Paul Schrader named their kind of cinema: "transcendental cinema".<ref>Paul Schrader on Revisiting Transcendental Style in Film. 2017 Toronto International Film Festival – via YouTube.</ref> In the present, a commitment to minimalist filmmaking can be seen in film movements such as Dogme 95, mumblecore, and the Romanian New Wave. Abbas Kiarostami,<ref>"Taste of Cherry". Cinematheque. Cleveland Institute of Art. September 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</ref> Elia Suleiman,<ref>Gautaman Bhaskaran (23 October 2019). "It Must Be Heaven: Elia Suleiman's sardonic take on the world". Arab News. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</ref> and Kelly Reichardt are also considered minimalist filmmakers.
The Minimalists – Joshua Fields Millburn, Ryan Nicodemus, and Matt D'Avella – directed and produced the film Minimalism: A Documentary,<ref>"Films by The Minimalists". The Minimalists. Retrieved 9 April 2019.</ref> which showcased the idea of minimal living in the modern world.
In other fields
Cooking
Breaking from the complex, hearty dishes established as orthodox haute cuisine, nouvelle cuisine was a culinary movement that consciously drew from minimalism and conceptualism. It emphasized more basic flavors, careful presentation, and a less involved preparation process. The movement was mainly in vogue during the 1960s and 1970s, after which it once again gave way to more traditional haute cuisine, retroactively titled cuisine classique. However, the influence of nouvelle cuisine can still be felt through the techniques it introduced.<ref>Mennel, Stephan. All Manners of Food: eating and taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the present. 2nd ed., (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 163–164.</ref>
Fashion
The capsule wardrobe is an example of minimalism in fashion. Constructed of only a few staple pieces that do not go out of style, and generally dominated by only one or two colors, capsule wardrobes are meant to be light, flexible and adaptable, and can be paired with seasonal pieces when the situation calls for them.<ref>Susie, Faux. "Capsule Wardrobe". Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.</ref> The modern idea of a capsule wardrobe dates back to the 1970s, and is credited to London boutique owner Susie Faux. The concept was further popularized in the next decade by American fashion designer Donna Karan, who designed a seminal collection of capsule workwear pieces in 1985.<ref name="donnakaran">"Donna Karan". voguepedia. Vogue. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.</ref>
Science communication
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To portray global warming to non-scientists, in 2018 British climate scientist Ed Hawkins developed warming stripes graphics that are deliberately devoid of scientific or technical indicia, for ease of understanding by non-scientists.<ref name=Gizmodo_20190617>Kahn, Brian (17 June 2019). "This Striking Climate Change Visualization Is Now Customizable for Any Place on Earth". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</ref> Hawkins explained that "our visual system will do the interpretation of the stripes without us even thinking about it".<ref name=ScienceAlert_20180525>"This Has Got to Be One of The Most Beautiful And Powerful Climate Change Visuals We've Ever Seen". Science Alert. 25 May 2018. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019.</ref>
Warming stripe graphics resemble color field paintings in stripping out all distractions and using only color to convey meaning.<ref name=Gizmodo_20180525/> Color field pioneer artist Barnett Newman said he was "creating images whose reality is self-evident", an ethos that Hawkins is said to have applied to the problem of climate change and leading one commentator to remark that the graphics are "fit for the Museum of Modern Art or the Getty."<ref name=Gizmodo_20180525>Kahn, Brian (25 May 2018). "This Climate Visualization Belongs in a Damn Museum". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019.</ref>
A tempestry—a portmanteau of "temperature" and "tapestry"—is a tapestry using stripes of specific colors of yarn to represent respective temperature ranges.<ref name=FastCompany_20190111/> The tapestries visually represent global warming occurring at given locations.<ref name=FastCompany_20190111>Schwab, Katharine (11 January 2019). "Crafting takes a dark turn in the age of climate crisis". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019.</ref>
Minimalist lifestyle
In a lifestyle adopting minimalism, there is an effort to use materials which are most essential and in quantities that do not exceed certain limits imposed by the user themselves. There have been many terms evolved from the concept, like minimalist decors, minimalist skincare, minimalist style, minimalist accessories, etc. All such terms signify the usage of only essential products in that niche into one's life. This can help one to focus on things that are important in one's life. It can reduce waste. It can also save the time of acquiring the excess materials that may be found unnecessary.<ref>Jeon, Hannah (17 June 2020). "A Minimalist Home Can Reduce Stress and Improve Your Well-Being, Experts Say". Good Housekeeping. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</ref><ref>Osborne, Eric (23 August 2023). "A Complete guide on financial minimalism". Financial Guide. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</ref>
A minimalist lifestyle helps to enjoy life with simple things that are available without undue efforts to acquire things that may be bought at great expenses.<ref>Town, Phil. "Council Post: Five Ways A Minimalist Lifestyle Can Put Money In Your Pocket". Forbes. Retrieved 4 July 2022.</ref> Minimalism also can lead to less clutter in living spaces.<ref>Jeon, Hannah (17 June 2020). "A Minimalist Home Can Reduce Stress and Improve Your Well-Being, Experts Say". Good Housekeeping. Retrieved 4 July 2022.</ref>
See also
Notes and references
Notes
References
Sources
- Template:Wikicite
- Cerver, Francisco Asencio (1997). The Architecture of Minimalism. New York: Arco. ISBN 0-8230-6149-3.
- Johnson, Philip (1947). Mies van der Rohe. Museum of Modern Art.
- Lancaster, Clay (September 1953). "Japanese Buildings in the United States before 1900: Their Influence upon American Domestic Architecture". The Art Bulletin. 35 (3): 217–224. doi:10.1080/00043079.1953.11408188.
- Pawson, John (1996). Minimum. London, England: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0-7148-3262-6.
- Rossell, Quim (2005). Minimalist Interiors. New York: Collins Design. ISBN 0-688-17487-6.
- Saito, Yuriko (Winter 2007). "The Moral Dimension of Japanese Aesthetics". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 65 (1): 85–97. doi:10.1111/j.1540-594X.2007.00240.x.
Further reading
- Chayka, Kyle (2020). The Longing for Less: Living with Minimalism. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781635572100.
- Keenan, David, and Michael Nyman (4 February 2001). "Claim to Frame". Sunday Herald
External links
Media related to Lua error in Module:Commons_link at line 63: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). at Wikimedia Commons- Agence Photographique de la Réunion des musées nationaux et du Grand Palais des Champs-Elysées
- "A Short History of Minimalism—Donald Judd, Richard Wollheim, and the origins of what we now describe as minimalist" By Kyle Chayka January 14, 2020 The Nation
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