View source for Minimalism

{{Short description|Movements in various forms of art and design}}
{{About|the concept in the arts}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Expert needed|architecture
| ex2 = arts
| reason = redundant content and large tracts of unsourced and [[WP:VERIFY|unverified]] text and in-text lists
| date = August 2016
}}
{{missing information|minimalism in [[user interface design]]|date=September 2019}}<!-- Minimalism has similarities, but is not exactly the same as [[flat design]]. -->
}}
{{Infobox art movement
| name = Minimalism
|image = {{photomontage
|photo1a= DonaldֹJudd IMJ.JPG
|photo2a= SANAA, Zollverein School of Management and Design, Essen (4606034520).jpg
|photo3a= 4A, Strada Dimitrie Racoviță, Bucharest (Romania).jpg
|size = 250
|color_border = #AAAAAA
|color = #F9F9F9
}}
| caption = Top: ''Untitled'', by [[Donald Judd]], concrete sculpture, 1991, [[Israel Museum]]<br />Centre: the {{interlanguage link|Zollverein School of Management and Design|de|SANAA-Gebäude}} [[Essen]], Germany, 2005–2006, by [[SANAA]]<br />Bottom: House no. 4A on Strada Dimitrie Racoviță, [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]], 2017, by Corina Dîndărean<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.anuala.ro/proiecte/2017/031/|title=Casa Racoviță|website=anuala.ro|access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| yearsactive = 1960s–present
|countries =
}}
In [[visual arts]], [[Minimal music|music]] and other media, '''minimalism''' is an [[art movement]] that began in post–[[World War II]] in Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include [[Donald Judd]], [[Agnes Martin]], [[Dan Flavin]], [[Carl Andre]], [[Robert Morris (artist)|Robert Morris]], [[Anne Truitt]] and [[Frank Stella]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=10459 |title=Christopher Want, ''Minimalism'', Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2009 |publisher=Moma.org |access-date=2014-06-27}}</ref><ref name="Minimalism">{{cite web|url=http://www.theartstory.org/movement-minimalism.htm|title=Minimalism|publisher=theartstory.org|date=2012}}</ref> The movement is often interpreted as a reaction against [[abstract expressionism]] and [[modernism]]; it anticipated contemporary [[Postminimalism|postminimal]] art practices, which extend or reflect on minimalism's original objectives.

[[Minimal music|Minimalism in music]] often features repetition and gradual variation, such as the works of [[La Monte Young]], [[Terry Riley]], [[Steve Reich]], [[Philip Glass]], [[Julius Eastman]] and [[John Adams (composer)|John Adams]]. The term ''minimalist'' often colloquially refers to anything or anyone that is spare or stripped to its essentials. It has accordingly been used to describe the [[Play (theatre)|plays]] and [[novel]]s of [[Samuel Beckett]], the films of [[Robert Bresson]], the stories of [[Raymond Carver]], and the automobile designs of [[Colin Chapman]]. The word was first used in English in the early 20th century to describe a 1915 composition by the Soviet painter [[Kasimir Malevich]], ''[[Black Square (painting)|Black Square]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Minimalism|title=Minimalism|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=13 July 2023 }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2022}}

== Visual arts ==
{{Main|Minimalism (visual arts)}}
[[File:Tonysmith freeride sculpture.jpg|thumb|[[Tony Smith (sculptor)|Tony Smith]], ''Free Ride'', 1962, 6'8 x 6'8 x 6'8]]
Minimalism in visual art, sometimes called "minimal art", "literalist art" <ref>{{cite magazine|author-link=Michael Fried|last=Fried |first=Michael |title=Art and Objecthood |magazine=Artforum |volume=5 |date=June 1967 |pages=12–23}} Reprinted: {{cite book |last1=Fried |author-mask=0 |first1=Michael |title=Art and Objecthood: Essays and Reviews |date=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-26318-5 |pages=148–172 |chapter=Art and Objecthood}}</ref> and "ABC Art",<ref>[[Barbara Rose|Rose, Barbara]]. "ABC Art", ''[[Art in America]]'' 53, no. 5 (October–November 1965): 57–69.</ref> refers to a specific movement of artists that emerged in New York in the early 1960s in response to [[abstract expressionism]].<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |date=Jul 20, 1998 |title=Minimalism |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Minimalism |website=Britannica}}</ref> Examples of artists working in [[painting]] that are associated with Minimalism include [[Nassos Daphnis]], [[Frank Stella]], [[Kenneth Noland]], [[Al Held]], [[Ellsworth Kelly]], [[Robert Ryman]] and others; those working in [[sculpture]] include [[Donald Judd]], [[Dan Flavin]], [[David Smith (artist)|David Smith]], [[Anthony Caro]] and more. Minimalism in painting can be characterized by the use of the [[Hard-edge painting|hard edge]], linear lines, simple forms, and an emphasis on two dimensions.<ref name="britannica.com"/> Minimalism in sculpture can be characterized by very simple geometric shapes often made of industrial materials like plastic, metal, aluminum, concrete, and fiberglass;<ref name="britannica.com"/> these materials are usually left raw or painted a solid colour.

Minimalism was in part a reaction against the painterly subjectivity of [[Abstract expressionism|Abstract Expressionism]] that had been dominant in the [[New York School (art)|New York School]] during the 1940s and 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Battcock |first1=Gregory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhMS8Ii73ZkC&q=abstract+expressionism+and+minimal+art&pg=PA161 |title=Gregory Battcock, ''Minimal Art: a critical anthology'', pp 161–172 |date=3 August 1995 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520201477 |access-date=2014-06-27}}</ref> Dissatisfied with the intuitive and spontaneous qualities of [[Action painting|Action Painting]], and Abstract Expressionism more broadly, Minimalism as an art movement asserted that a work of art should not refer to anything other than itself and should omit any extra-visual association.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jul 20, 1998 |title=Minimalism |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Minimalism |website=Britannica.}}</ref>

Donald Judd's work was showcased in 1964 at [[Green Gallery]] in Manhattan, as were Flavin's first fluorescent light works, while other leading Manhattan galleries like [[Leo Castelli|Leo Castelli Gallery]] and [[Pace Gallery]] also began to showcase artists focused on minimalist ideas.

=== Minimalism in visual art broadly ===
[[File:Kazimir Malevich, 1915, Black Suprematic Square, oil on linen canvas, 79.5 x 79.5 cm, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow.jpg|thumb|[[Kazimir Malevich]], ''[[Black Square (painting)|Black Square]]'', 1915, oil on canvas, 79.5 x 79.5 cm, [[Tretyakov Gallery]], Moscow]]
In a more general sense, minimalism as a visual strategy can be found in the [[geometric abstraction]]s of painters associated with the [[Bauhaus]] movement, in the works of [[Kazimir Malevich]], [[Piet Mondrian]] and other artists associated with the [[De Stijl]] movement, the [[Constructivism (art)|Russian Constructivist]] movement, and in the work of the Romanian sculptor [[Constantin Brâncuși]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artcritical.com/2004/10/01/albert-york-and-giorgio-morandi/ |title=Maureen Mullarkey, Art Critical, ''Giorgio Morandi'' |date=October 2004 |publisher=Artcritical.com |access-date=2014-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hr-5GcN0F6kC&q=Constantin+Br%C3%A2ncu%C5%9Fi.+and+minimal+art&pg=PA12 |title=Daniel Marzona, Uta Grosenick; ''Minimal art'', p.12 |isbn=9783822830604 |access-date=2014-06-27|last1=Marzona |first1=Daniel |year=2004 |publisher=Taschen }}</ref>

Minimalism as a [[Elements of art|formal]] strategy has been deployed in the paintings of [[Barnett Newman]], [[Ad Reinhardt]], [[Josef Albers]], and the works of artists as diverse as [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Yayoi Kusama]], [[Giorgio Morandi]], and others. [[Yves Klein]] had painted [[Monochrome painting|monochromes]] as early as 1949, and held the first private exhibition of this work in 1950—but his first public showing was the publication of the [[Artist's book]] ''[[Yves: Peintures]]'' in November 1954.<ref>Hannah Weitemeier, ''Yves Klein, 1928–1962: International Klein Blue'', Original-Ausgabe (Cologne: Taschen, 1994), 15. {{ISBN|3-8228-8950-4}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Paint Uncovered|chapter=Restoring the Immaterial: Study and Treatment of Yves Klein's ''Blue Monochrome (IKB42)''}}</ref>

== Design, architecture, and spaces ==
{{anchor|Less is more (architecture)}}{{anchor|Minimalist architecture}}
<!--- [[Minimalist architecture]] and [[Less is more (architecture)]] both redirect to here -->
{{Peacock section|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Barcelona Pavilion.jpg|thumb|The reconstruction of [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]]'s [[Barcelona Pavilion|German Pavilion]] in [[Barcelona]]]]

The term minimalism is also used to describe a trend in [[design]] and [[architecture]], wherein the subject is reduced to its necessary elements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sfetcu |first=Nicolae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXyFAwAAQBAJ&dq=The+term+minimalism+is+also+used+to+describe+a+trend+in+design+and+architecture%2C+wherein+the+subject+is+reduced+to+its+necessary+elements.&pg=PT630 |title=The Music Sound |date=2014-05-07 |publisher=Nicolae Sfetcu}}</ref> Minimalist architectural designers focus on the connection between two perfect planes, elegant lighting, and the void spaces left by the removal of three-dimensional shapes in an architectural design.{{according to whom|date=August 2016}}{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Minimalist architecture became popular in the late 1980s in London and New York,{{sfn|Cerver|1997|pp=8–11}} whereby architects and fashion designers worked together in the boutiques to achieve simplicity, using white elements, cold lighting, and large spaces with minimal furniture and few decorative elements.

Minimalistic design has been highly influenced by [[Japanese architecture|Japanese traditional design and architecture]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vasilski |first=Dragana |date=2015 |title=Minimalism in architecture: Abstract conceptualization of architecture |journal=Arhitektura I Urbanizam |issue=40 |pages=16–23 |doi=10.5937/a-u0-6858 |issn=0354-6055|doi-access=free }}</ref> The works of [[De Stijl]] artists are a major reference: De Stijl expanded the ideas of expression by meticulously organizing basic elements such as lines and planes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De Stijl Movement Overview |url=https://www.theartstory.org/movement/de-stijl/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=The Art Story}}</ref> With regard to home design, more attractive "minimalistic" designs are not truly minimalistic because they are larger, and use more expensive building materials and finishes.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

[[File:2004-09-02 1580x2800 chicago IBM building.jpg|thumb|[[330 North Wabash]] in Chicago, a minimalist building by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]]
There are observers who describe the emergence of minimalism as a response to the brashness and chaos of urban life. In Japan, for example, minimalist architecture began to gain traction in the 1980s when its cities experienced rapid expansion and booming population. The design was considered an antidote to the "overpowering presence of traffic, advertising, jumbled building scales, and imposing roadways."<ref>{{cite book |title = The Fractal Dimension of Architecture | title-link= The Fractal Dimension of Architecture |last1=Ostwald |first1=Michael |last2=Vaughan |first2=Josephine |series = Mathematics and the Built Environment |publisher=Birkhäuser; Springer International Publishing|year=2016 |isbn=9783319324241 |location = Cham, Switzerland |page=316 }}</ref> The chaotic environment was not only driven by urbanization, industrialization, and technology but also the Japanese experience of constantly having to demolish structures on account of the destruction wrought by World War II and the earthquakes, including the calamities it entails such as fire. The minimalist design philosophy did not arrive in Japan by way of another country, as it was already part of the Japanese culture rooted on the Zen philosophy. There are those who specifically attribute the design movement to Japan's spirituality and view of nature.{{sfn|Cerver|1997|page=13}}

Architect [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] (1886–1969) adopted the motto "Less is more" to describe his aesthetic.{{efn|See {{harvnb|Johnson|1947}}. A similar sentiment was conveyed by industrial designer [[Dieter Rams]]' motto, "Less but better."}} His tactic was one of arranging the necessary components of a building to create an impression of extreme simplicity—he enlisted every element and detail to serve multiple visual and functional purposes; for example, designing a floor to also serve as the radiator, or a massive fireplace to also house the bathroom. Designer [[Buckminster Fuller]] (1895–1983) adopted the engineer's goal of "Doing more with less", but his concerns were oriented toward technology and engineering rather than aesthetics.{{sfn|Johnson|1947|p=49}}

=== Concepts and design elements ===
The concept of minimalist architecture is to strip everything down to its essential quality and achieve simplicity.{{sfn|Bertoni|2002|p=10}} The idea is not completely without ornamentation,<ref name="Rossell">{{harvnb|Rossell|2005|p=6}}</ref> but that all parts, details, and joinery are considered as reduced to a stage where no one can remove anything further to improve the design.<ref name="Pawson">{{harvnb|Pawson|1996|p=7}}</ref>

The considerations for 'essences' are light, form, detail of material, space, place, and human condition.<ref name="Bertoni15-16">{{harvnb|Bertoni|2002|pp=15–16}}</ref> Minimalist architects not only consider the physical qualities of the building. They consider the spiritual dimension and the invisible, by listening to the figure and paying attention to details, people, space, nature, and materials.,<ref name="Bertoni21">{{harvnb|Bertoni|2002|p=21}}</ref> believing this reveals the abstract quality of something that is invisible and aids the search for the essence of those invisible qualities—such as natural light, sky, earth, and air. In addition, they "open a dialogue" with the surrounding environment to decide the most essential materials for the construction and create relationships between buildings and sites.<ref name="Rossell"/>

In minimalist architecture, design elements strive to convey the message of simplicity. The basic geometric forms, elements without decoration, simple materials and the repetitions of structures represent a sense of order and essential quality.{{sfn|Pawson|1996|p=8}} The movement of natural light in buildings reveals simple and clean spaces.<ref name="Bertoni15-16"/> In the late 19th century as the arts and crafts movement became popular in Britain, people valued the attitude of 'truth to materials' with respect to the profound and innate characteristics of materials.{{sfn|Saito|2007|pp=87–88}} Minimalist architects humbly 'listen to figure,' seeking essence and simplicity by rediscovering the valuable qualities in simple and common materials.<ref name="Bertoni21"/>

=== Influences from Japanese tradition ===
{{See also|Japanese architecture}}
[[File:RyoanJi-Dry garden.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Ryōan-ji|{{transliteration|ja|Ryōan-ji}}]] dry garden. The clay wall, which is stained by age with subtle brown and orange tones, reflects "{{transliteration|ja|wabi}}" and the rock garden "{{transliteration|ja|sabi}}", together reflecting the Japanese worldview or aesthetic of "[[wabi-sabi|{{transliteration|ja|wabi-sabi}}]]".<ref>{{lang|ja|森神逍遥 『侘び然び幽玄のこころ』桜の花出版、2015年}} Morigami Shouyo, "{{transliteration|ja|Wabi sabi yugen no kokoro: seiyo tetsugaku o koeru joi ishiki}}" (Japanese) {{ISBN|978-4434201424}}</ref>]]

The idea of simplicity appears in many cultures, especially the Japanese traditional culture of [[Zen Buddhist]] philosophy. Japanese manipulate the Zen culture into aesthetic and design elements for their buildings.{{sfn|Saito|2007|pp=85–97}} This idea of architecture has influenced Western society, especially in America since the mid 18th century.{{sfn|Lancaster|1953|pp=217–224}} Moreover, it inspired the minimalist architecture in the 19th century.<ref name="Pawson" />

Zen concepts of simplicity transmit the ideas of freedom and essence of living.<ref name="Pawson"/> Simplicity is not only aesthetic value, it has a moral perception that looks into the nature of truth and reveals the inner qualities and essence of materials and objects.{{sfn|Saito|2007|p=87}} For example, the [[sand garden]] in [[Ryōan-ji|{{transliteration|ja|Ryōan-ji}}]] temple demonstrates the concepts of simplicity and the essentiality from the considered setting of a few stones and a huge empty space.{{sfn|Pawson|1996|p=98}}

The Japanese aesthetic principle of [[Ma (negative space)|{{transliteration|ja|Ma}}]] refers to empty or open space. It removes all the unnecessary internal walls and opens up the space. The emptiness of spatial arrangement reduces everything down to the most essential quality.{{sfn|Bertoni|2002|p=23}}

The Japanese aesthetic of [[wabi-sabi|{{transliteration|ja|wabi-sabi}}]] values the quality of simple and plain objects.{{sfn|Saito|2007|p=85}} It appreciates the absence of unnecessary features, treasures a life in quietness and aims to reveal the innate character of materials.{{sfn|Pawson|1996|pp=10–11}} For example, the Japanese floral art of [[Ikebana|{{transliteration|ja|ikebana}}]] has the central principle of letting the flower express itself. People cut off the branches, leaves and blossoms from the plants and only retain the essential part of the plant. This conveys the idea of essential quality and innate character in nature.{{sfn|Saito|2007|p=86}}

=== Minimalist architects and their works ===
The Japanese minimalist architect [[Tadao Ando]] conveys the Japanese traditional spirit and his own perception of nature in his works. His design concepts are materials, pure geometry and nature. He normally uses concrete or natural wood and basic structural form to achieve austerity and rays of light in space. He also sets up dialogue between the site and nature to create relationship and order with the buildings.{{sfn|Bertoni|2002|pp=96–106}} Ando's works and the translation of Japanese aesthetic principles are highly influential on Japanese architecture.{{sfn|Cerver|1997|p=13}}

Another Japanese minimalist architect, [[Kazuyo Sejima]], works on her own and in conjunction with [[Ryue Nishizawa]], as [[SANAA]], producing iconic Japanese Minimalist buildings. Credited with creating and influencing a particular genre of Japanese Minimalism,<ref>Puglisi, L. P. (2008), ''New Directions in Contemporary Architecture'', Chichester, John Wiley and Sons.</ref> Sejimas delicate, intelligent designs may use white color, thin construction sections and transparent elements to create the phenomenal building type often associated with minimalism. Works include [[New Museum]] (2010) New York City, Small House (2000) Tokyo, House surrounded By Plum Trees (2003) Tokyo.

In Vitra Conference Pavilion, Weil am Rhein, 1993, the concepts are to bring together the relationships between building, human movement, site and nature. Which as one main point of minimalism ideology that establish dialogue between the building and site. The building uses the simple forms of circle and rectangle to contrast the filled and void space of the interior and nature. In the foyer, there is a large landscape window that looks out to the exterior. This achieves the simple and silence of architecture and enhances the light, wind, time and nature in space.{{sfn|Cerver|1997|pp=18–29}}

[[John Pawson]] is a British minimalist architect; his design concepts are soul, light, and order. He believes that though reduced clutter and simplification of the interior to a point that gets beyond the idea of essential quality, there is a sense of clarity and richness of simplicity instead of emptiness. The materials in his design reveal the perception toward space, surface, and volume. Moreover, he likes to use natural materials because of their aliveness, sense of depth and quality of an individual. He is also attracted by the important influences from Japanese Zen Philosophy.{{sfn|Pawson|1996|pp=10–14}}

Calvin Klein Madison Avenue, New York, 1995–96, is a boutique that conveys Calvin Klein's ideas of fashion. John Pawson's interior design concepts for this project are to create simple, peaceful and orderly spatial arrangements. He used stone floors and white walls to achieve simplicity and harmony for space. He also emphasises reduction and eliminates the visual distortions, such as the air conditioning  and lamps, to achieve a sense of purity for the interior.{{sfn|Cerver|1997|pp=170–177}}

[[Alberto Campo Baeza]] is a Spanish architect and describes his work as essential architecture. He values the concepts of light, idea and space. Light is essential and achieves the relationship between inhabitants and the building. Ideas are to meet the function and context of space, forms, and construction. Space is shaped by the minimal geometric forms to avoid decoration that is not essential.{{sfn|Bertoni|2002|p=182}}

== Literature ==
{{anchor|Literary minimalism}}
{{See also|Concision}}
Literary minimalism is characterized by an economy with words and a focus on surface description. Minimalist writers eschew adverbs and prefer allowing context to dictate meaning. Readers are expected to take an active role in creating the story, to "choose sides" based on oblique hints and innuendo, rather than react to directions from the writer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Robert C. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/901275325 |title=American literary minimalism |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-8173-8750-1 |edition=1st |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |pages=13 |oclc=901275325}}</ref>

Austrian architect and theorist Adolf Loos published early writings about minimalism in ''Ornament and Crime''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Loos |first=Adolf |title=Ornament and Crime |year=1913}}</ref>

Some 1940s-era crime fiction of writers such as [[James M. Cain]] and [[Jim Thompson (writer)|Jim Thompson]] adopted a stripped-down, matter-of-fact prose style to considerable effect; some{{who|date=November 2021}} classify this prose style as minimalism.

Another strand of literary minimalism arose in response to the [[metafiction]] trend of the 1960s and early 1970s ([[John Barth]], [[Robert Coover]], and [[William H. Gass]]). These writers were also sparse with prose and kept a psychological distance from their subject matter.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

Minimalist writers, or those who are identified with minimalism during certain periods of their writing careers, include the following: [[Raymond Carver]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiegand |first=David |date=2009-12-19 |title=Serendipitous stay led writer to Raymond Carver |url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Serendipitous-stay-led-writer-to-Raymond-Carver-3278150.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331185651/https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Serendipitous-stay-led-writer-to-Raymond-Carver-3278150.php |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> [[Ann Beattie]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gale |first=Cengage Learning |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956647072 |title=A Study Guide for Ann Beattie's ""Janus"" |date=2016 |publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-4103-5001-5 |location=Farmington Hills |oclc=956647072}}</ref> [[Bret Easton Ellis]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wagner |first=Katharina |url=https://www.grin.com/document/516751 |title=Simulacra and Nothingness in Bret Easton Ellis' "Less Than Zero" |date=2020-01-27 |publisher=GRIN Verlag |isbn=978-3-346-10821-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Obispo |first=Brian Anderson Gil, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis |date=2020-05-24 |title=Bret Easton Ellis Remains a Strong Example of a Brave Writer |url=https://studybreaks.com/culture/reads/bret-easton-ellis/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Study Breaks |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Charles Bukowski]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conway |first=Mark |date=2017-07-26 |title=Bukowski, Charles |url=https://oxfordre.com/literature/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.001.0001/acrefore-9780190201098-e-603 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.603|isbn=978-0-19-020109-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dirty Realism |url=https://poemanalysis.com/movement/dirty-realism/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Poem Analysis |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ernest Hemingway]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Obendorf |first=Hartmut |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/432702821 |title=Minimalism : designing simplicity |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-84882-371-6 |location=Dordrecht [The Netherlands] |pages=52 |oclc=432702821}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Davidow |first=Shelley |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1164505442 |title=Playing with Words A Introduction to Creative Craft. |date=2016 |publisher=Macmillan Education UK |others=Paul Williams |isbn=978-1-137-53254-1 |location=London |pages=90 |oclc=1164505442}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Meyer |first=Michael J. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1239991574 |title=Literature and the Writer |date=2004 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-94-012-0134-6 |location=Boston |pages=213 |oclc=1239991574}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-09 |title=Ernest Hemingway is an example of minimalist writing that indicates flexibility in using relevant phrases shown in his book Research paper for students |url=https://campuscrosswalk.org/ernest-hemingway-is-an-example-of-minimalist-writing-that-indicates-flexibility-in-using-relevant-phrases-shown-in-his-book/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Campuscrosswalk |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Less is More: American Short Story Minimalism in Ernest Hemingway, Raymond Carver and Frederick Barthelme |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/59603/ |publisher=The Open University |date=2006 |degree=phd |language=en |first=Philip John |last=Greaney}}</ref> [[K. J. Stevens]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-25 |title=K.J. Stevens |url=https://thecrookedsteeple.com/about/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Crooked Steeple |language=en}}</ref> [[Amy Hempel]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amy Hempel |url=https://www.beloit.edu/live/profiles/505-amy-hempel |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.beloit.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Franklin |first=Ruth |date=2019-03-19 |title=Amy Hempel Is the Master of the Minimalist Short Story |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/amy-hempel-sing-to-it/583231/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mambrol |first=Nasrullah |date=2020-04-23 |title=Analysis of Amy Hempel's Stories |url=https://literariness.org/2020/04/23/analysis-of-amy-hempels-stories/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Literary Theory and Criticism |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Bobbie Ann Mason]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiloh Writing Style |url=https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/shiloh-bobbie-ann-mason/analysis/writing-style |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.shmoop.com |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325081958/https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/shiloh-bobbie-ann-mason/analysis/writing-style |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marin |first=Candela Delgado |date=2016-12-01 |title=Bobbie Ann Mason Challenges the Myth of Southernness: Postmodern Identities, Blurring Borders and Literary Labels |url=https://journals.openedition.org/jsse/1808 |journal=Journal of the Short Story in English. Les Cahiers de la nouvelle |language=en |issue=67 |pages=223–242 |issn=0294-0442}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobbie Ann Mason: Biography & Writing Style |url=https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/english-literature/american-literature/bobbie-ann-mason/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=StudySmarter UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Tobias Wolff]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guerrero-Strachan |first=Santiago Rodríguez |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789401208390/B9789401208390-s015.xml |title=Realism and Narrators in Tobias Wolff's Short Stories |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-94-012-0839-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Literary Minimalism and Tobias Wolff |url=https://prezi.com/rars2uiigk_2/literary-minimalism-and-tobias-wolff/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=prezi.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wolff, Tobias |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/culture-magazines/wolff-tobias |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> [[Grace Paley]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=النهار |first=عبد الاله |date=2018-10-01 |title=غريس بالي: کاتبة اختزالية معاصرة |url=https://aafu.journals.ekb.eg/article_48113.html |journal=حوليات أداب عين شمس |volume=46 |issue=أکتوبر – دیسمبر (ج) |pages=375–384 |doi=10.21608/aafu.2018.48113 |s2cid=204619942 |issn=1110-7227|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-21 |title=Grace Paley, Master of Minimalist Writing 
|website=A Women's Thing |url=https://awomensthing.org/blog/grace-paley-master-minimalist-writing/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Sandra Cisneros]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Harold |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/649939109 |title=Sandra Cisneros's The house on Mango Street |date=2010 |publisher=Bloom's Literature |isbn=978-1604138122 |edition=New |location=New York City, NY, USA |language=en |oclc=401141774 |ol=24478421M}}</ref> [[Mary Robison]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Sophie A. |date=22 May 2020 |title=Minimalism's Attention Deficit: Distraction, Description, and Mary Robison's Why Did I Ever |url=https://academic.oup.com/alh/article/32/2/301/5842132 |journal=American Literary History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |publication-place=England |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=301–327 |doi=10.1093/alh/ajaa004 |pmc=7446296 |pmid=32863576 |access-date=25 March 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Frederick Barthelme]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academic Book: Novels and Short Stories of Frederick Barthelme. A Literary Critical Analysis |url=https://mellenpress.com/book/Novels-and-Short-Stories-of-Frederick-Barthelme-A-Literary-Critical-Analysis/6247/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=mellenpress.com}}</ref> [[Richard Ford]], [[Patrick Holland (author)|Patrick Holland]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick Holland – The Hong Kong International Literary Festival |url=https://www.festival.org.hk/writer/patrick-holland/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325083034/https://www.festival.org.hk/writer/patrick-holland/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Cormac McCarthy]],<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Bailey |first=Jeremy R. |date=December 2010 |title=Mining for meaning: A study of minimalism in American literature |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=Texas Tech University |url=https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/handle/2346/ETD-TTU-2010-12-1149 |hdl=2346/ETD-TTU-2010-12-1149}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Greenwood |first=Willard P. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/615600400 |title=Reading Cormac McCarthy |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-313-35665-0 |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |oclc=615600400}}</ref> and [[Alicia Erian]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

American poets such as [[Stephen Crane]], [[William Carlos Williams]], early [[Ezra Pound]], [[Robert Creeley]], [[Robert Grenier (poet)|Robert Grenier]], and [[Aram Saroyan]] are sometimes identified with their ''minimalist'' style. The term "minimalism" is also sometimes associated with the briefest of poetic genres, [[haiku]], which originated in Japan, but has been domesticated in English literature by poets such as [[Nick Virgilio]], [[Raymond Roseliep]], and [[George Swede]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

The Irish writer [[Samuel Beckett]] is well known for his minimalist plays and prose, as is the Norwegian writer [[Jon Fosse]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Davies|first1=Paul|title=Samuel Beckett|url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=5161|website=Literary Encyclopedia|access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref>

[[Dimitris Lyacos]]'s ''[[With the People from the Bridge]]'', combining elliptical monologues with a pared-down prose narrative, is a contemporary example of minimalist playwrighting.<ref>[https://www.tikkun.org/from-the-ruins-of-europe-lyacoss-debt-riddled-greece "From the Ruins of Europe: Lyacos's Debt-Riddled Greece"] by Joseph Labernik, ''[[Tikkun (magazine)|Tikkun]]'', 21 August 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.commonlinejournal.com/2015/12/review-of-dimitris-lyacoss-with-people.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208204751/http://www.commonlinejournal.com/2015/12/review-of-dimitris-lyacoss-with-people.html| archive-date = 2015-12-08| title = The Commonline Journal: Review of Dimitris Lyacos's With the People from the Bridge}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.commonlinejournal.com/2015/12/review-of-dimitris-lyacoss-with-people.html |title=The Commonline Journal: Review of Dimitris Lyacos's with the People from the Bridge &#124; Editor Note by Ada Fetters |access-date=2019-08-13 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208204751/http://www.commonlinejournal.com/2015/12/review-of-dimitris-lyacoss-with-people.html |url-status=dead }} {{dead link|date=December 2021}}</ref>

In his novel ''[[The Easy Chain]]'', [[Evan Dara]] includes a 60-page section written in the style of musical minimalism, in particular inspired by composer [[Steve Reich]]. Intending to represent the psychological state (agitation) of the novel's main character, the section's successive lines of text are built on repetitive and developing phrases.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

== Music ==
{{Main|Minimal music}}
The term "minimal music" was derived around 1970 by [[Michael Nyman]] from the concept of minimalism, which was earlier applied to the [[visual arts]].<ref name=Bernard93>{{cite journal|last=Bernard|first=Jonathan W.|title=The Minimalist Aesthetic in the Plastic Arts and in Music|journal=[[Perspectives of New Music]]|date=Winter 1993|volume=31|issue=1|page=87|doi=10.2307/833043|jstor=833043}}, citing Dan Warburton as his authority.</ref><ref name=Warburton88>{{cite web|last=Warburton|first=Dan|title=A Working Terminology for Minimal Music|url=http://www.paristransatlantic.com/magazine/archives/minimalism.html|access-date=11 January 2014}}</ref> More precisely, it was in a 1968 review in ''[[The Spectator]]'' that Nyman first used<ref name=Spectator2018>{{cite web|last=Spectator|title=The Birth of Minimalism |date=6 December 2018 |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-birth-of-minimalism/|access-date=3 June 2023}}, but note that although this article claims that Nyman's article was "The Origin of Minimalism", that word appears nowhere in the text</ref> the term, to describe a ten-minute piano composition by the Danish composer [[Henning Christiansen]], along with several other unnamed pieces played by [[Charlotte Moorman]] and [[Nam June Paik]] at the [[Institute of Contemporary Arts]] in London.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Nyman|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Nyman|date=11 October 1968|title=Minimal Music|magazine=[[The Spectator]]|volume=221|number=7320|pages=518–519 (519)}}</ref>

However, the roots of minimal music are older. In France between 1947 and 1948,<ref>{{cite web|title=Yves Klein (1928–1962)|url=http://www.yveskleinarchives.org/documents/bio_us.html|work=documents/biography|publisher=Yves Klein Archives & McDourduff|access-date=12 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530082903/http://www.yveskleinarchives.org/documents/bio_us.html|archive-date=30 May 2013}}</ref> [[Yves Klein]] conceived his ''Monotone Symphony'' (1949, formally ''The Monotone-Silence Symphony'') that consisted of a single 20-minute sustained chord followed by a 20-minute silence<ref>Gilbert Perlein & Bruno Corà (eds) & al., ''Yves Klein: Long Live the Immaterial!'' ("An anthological retrospective", catalog of an exhibition held in 2000), New York: Delano Greenidge, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-929445-08-3}}, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=baJPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22This+symphony%2C+40+minutes+in+length+(in+fact+20+minutes+followed+by+20+minutes+of+silence)%22 226]: "This symphony, 40 minutes in length (in fact 20 minutes followed by 20 minutes of silence) is constituted of a single 'sound' stretched out, deprived of its attack and end which creates a sensation of vertigo, whirling the sensibility outside time."</ref><ref>See also at YvesKleinArchives.org [http://www.yveskleinarchives.org/works/works14_us.html a 1998 sound excerpt of ''The Monotone Symphony''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208181614/http://www.yveskleinarchives.org/works/works14_us.html |date=2008-12-08 }} (Flash plugin required), [http://www.yveskleinarchives.org/works/works14_texte_en.html its short description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028020545/http://www.yveskleinarchives.org/works/works14_texte_en.html |date=2008-10-28 }}, and Klein's [http://www.yvesklein.com/fr/documents/view/19721/yves-klein-manifeste-de-l-hotel-chelsea/?of=65 "Chelsea Hotel Manifesto"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613062110/http://yveskleinarchives.org/documents/chelsea_content_us.html |date=2010-06-13 }} (including a summary of the 2-part ''Symphony'').</ref> – a precedent to both [[La Monte Young]]'s [[drone music]] and [[John Cage]]'s ''[[4′33″]]''.

== Film and cinema ==
In film, minimalism usually is associated with filmmakers such as [[Robert Bresson]], [[Chantal Akerman]], [[Carl Theodor Dreyer]], and [[Yasujirō Ozu]]. Their films typically tell a simple story with straightforward camera usage and minimal use of score. [[Paul Schrader]] named their kind of cinema: "transcendental cinema".<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Paul Schrader on Revisiting Transcendental Style in Film|publisher=[[2017 Toronto International Film Festival]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4F8I8OVmUU|via=YouTube}}</ref> In the present, a commitment to minimalist filmmaking can be seen in film movements such as [[Dogme 95]], [[mumblecore]], and the [[Romanian New Wave]]. [[Abbas Kiarostami]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taste of Cherry |website= Cinematheque|url=https://www.cia.edu/cinematheque/film-schedule/2016/09/taste-of-cherry|date=September 2016|access-date=2022-01-14|publisher=[[Cleveland Institute of Art]]}}</ref> [[Elia Suleiman]],<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gautaman Bhaskaran|date=2019-10-23|title=''It Must Be Heaven'': Elia Suleiman's sardonic take on the world|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1573231/lifestyle|access-date=2022-01-14|website=[[Arab News]]}}</ref> and [[Kelly Reichardt]] are also considered minimalist filmmakers.

[[The Minimalists]] – Joshua Fields Millburn, Ryan Nicodemus, and Matt D'Avella – directed and produced the film ''Minimalism: A Documentary'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theminimalists.com/films/|title=Films by The Minimalists|website=[[The Minimalists]]|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> which showcased the idea of minimal living in the modern world.

== In other fields ==

=== Cooking ===
Breaking from the complex, hearty dishes established as orthodox ''[[haute cuisine]]'', ''[[nouvelle cuisine]]'' was a culinary movement that consciously drew from minimalism and [[conceptualism]]. It emphasized more basic flavors, careful [[Food presentation|presentation]], and a less involved preparation process. The movement was mainly in vogue during the 1960s and 1970s, after which it once again gave way to more traditional ''haute cuisine'', retroactively titled ''[[cuisine classique]]''. However, the influence of ''nouvelle cuisine'' can still be felt through the techniques it introduced.<ref>Mennel, Stephan. ''All Manners of Food: eating and taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the present.'' 2nd ed., (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 163–164.</ref>

=== Fashion ===
The [[capsule wardrobe]] is an example of minimalism in fashion. Constructed of only a few staple pieces that do not go out of style, and generally dominated by only one or two colors, capsule wardrobes are meant to be light, flexible and adaptable, and can be paired with seasonal pieces when the situation calls for them.<ref>{{cite web|last=Susie|first=Faux|title=Capsule Wardrobe|url=http://confidencetricks.susiefaux.com/?cat=48|access-date=6 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104130844/http://confidencetricks.susiefaux.com/?cat=48|archive-date=4 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The modern idea of a capsule wardrobe dates back to the 1970s, and is credited to London boutique owner Susie Faux. The concept was further popularized in the next decade by American fashion designer [[Donna Karan]], who designed a seminal collection of capsule workwear pieces in 1985.<ref name="donnakaran">{{cite web|title=Donna Karan|url=http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Donna_Karan_%28Brand%29|work=voguepedia|publisher=Vogue|access-date=6 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414084640/http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Donna_Karan_(Brand)|archive-date=14 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Science communication ===
[[File:20190705 Warming stripes - Berkeley Earth (world) - avg above- and below-ice readings.png|thumb| A [[warming stripes]] timeline graphic portraying [[climate change|global warming]] in the industrial era,<ref name=BerkeleyEarth1850Recent>Data: {{cite web |title=Land + Ocean (1850 – Recent) / Monthly Global Average Temperature (annual summary) |url=http://berkeleyearth.lbl.gov/auto/Global/Land_and_Ocean_summary.txt |publisher=[[Berkeley Earth]] |access-date=July 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208161213/http://berkeleyearth.lbl.gov/auto/Global/Land_and_Ocean_summary.txt |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |date=2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> with blues indicating cooler years and reds indicating warmer years. Warming stripes graphics are deliberately devoid of scientific or technical indicia, for ease of understanding by non-scientists.<ref name=Gizmodo_20190617/>]]
To portray [[global warming]] to non-scientists, in 2018 British climate scientist [[Ed Hawkins (climatologist)|Ed Hawkins]] developed [[warming stripes]] graphics that are deliberately devoid of scientific or technical indicia, for ease of understanding by non-scientists.<ref name=Gizmodo_20190617>{{cite news|last=Kahn|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Kahn|title=This Striking Climate Change Visualization Is Now Customizable for Any Place on Earth|url=https://earther.gizmodo.com/this-striking-climate-change-visualization-is-now-custo-1835581866|work=[[Gizmodo]]|date=June 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626030105/https://earther.gizmodo.com/this-striking-climate-change-visualization-is-now-custo-1835581866|archive-date=June 26, 2019|url-status=dead|access-date=July 10, 2019}}</ref> Hawkins explained that "our visual system will do the interpretation of the stripes without us even thinking about it".<ref name=ScienceAlert_20180525>{{cite news |title=This Has Got to Be One of The Most Beautiful And Powerful Climate Change Visuals We've Ever Seen |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/this-has-got-to-be-one-of-the-most-beautiful-and-powerful-climate-change-visuals-we-ve-ever-seen |work=Science Alert |date=May 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628042115/https://www.sciencealert.com/this-has-got-to-be-one-of-the-most-beautiful-and-powerful-climate-change-visuals-we-ve-ever-seen |archive-date=June 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Warming stripe graphics resemble [[color field]] paintings in stripping out all distractions and using only color to convey meaning.<ref name=Gizmodo_20180525/> Color field pioneer artist [[Barnett Newman]] said he was "creating images whose reality is self-evident", an ethos that Hawkins is said to have applied to the problem of climate change and leading one commentator to remark that the graphics are "fit for the [[Museum of Modern Art]] or the [[J. Paul Getty Museum|Getty]]."<ref name=Gizmodo_20180525>{{cite news |last=Kahn|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Kahn|title=This Climate Visualization Belongs in a Damn Museum|url=https://earther.gizmodo.com/this-climate-visualization-belongs-in-a-damn-museum-1826307536|work=[[Gizmodo]]|date=May 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619235512/https://earther.gizmodo.com/this-climate-visualization-belongs-in-a-damn-museum-1826307536|archive-date=June 19, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[The Tempestry Project|tempestry]]—a [[portmanteau]] of "temperature" and "tapestry"—is a tapestry using stripes of specific colors of yarn to represent respective temperature ranges.<ref name=FastCompany_20190111/> The tapestries visually represent global warming occurring at given locations.<ref name=FastCompany_20190111>{{cite magazine |last1=Schwab |first1=Katharine |title=Crafting takes a dark turn in the age of climate crisis |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90290800/crafting-take-a-dark-turn-in-the-age-of-climate-crisis |magazine=Fast Company |date=2019-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111170955/https://www.fastcompany.com/90290800/crafting-take-a-dark-turn-in-the-age-of-climate-crisis |archive-date=11 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Minimalist lifestyle ===
In a lifestyle adopting minimalism, there is an effort to use materials which are most essential and in quantities that do not exceed certain limits imposed by the user themselves. There have been many terms evolved from the concept, like minimalist decors, minimalist skincare, minimalist style, minimalist accessories, etc. All such terms signify the usage of only essential products in that niche into one's life. This can help one to focus on things that are important in one's life. It can reduce waste. It can also save the time of acquiring the excess materials that may be found unnecessary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeon |first=Hannah |date=2020-06-17 |title=A Minimalist Home Can Reduce Stress and Improve Your Well-Being, Experts Say |url=https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/home/decorating-ideas/a32824185/minimalist-living/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Good Housekeeping |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborne |first=Eric |date=2023-08-23 |title=A Complete guide on financial minimalism |url=https://www.finmoov.com/a-complete-guide-to-financial-minimalism/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Financial Guide |language=en-US}}</ref>

A minimalist lifestyle helps to enjoy life with simple things that are available without undue efforts to acquire things that may be bought at great expenses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Town |first=Phil |title=Council Post: Five Ways A Minimalist Lifestyle Can Put Money In Your Pocket |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesfinancecouncil/2017/10/03/five-ways-a-minimalist-lifestyle-can-put-money-in-your-pocket/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Minimalism also can lead to less clutter in living spaces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeon |first=Hannah |date=2020-06-17 |title=A Minimalist Home Can Reduce Stress and Improve Your Well-Being, Experts Say |url=https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/home/decorating-ideas/a32824185/minimalist-living/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Good Housekeeping |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Formalism (art)]]
* [[KISS principle]]
* [[Lyrical abstraction]]
* [[Neo-minimalism]]
* [[Maximalism]]
* [[Minimalism (computing)]]
* [[Simple living]]
* [[List of minimalist artists]]
* [[Neogeo (art)]]
* [[Arte Povera]]
}}

== Notes and references ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Bertoni|2002}}|reference=Bertoni, Franco (2002). ''Minimalist Architecture'', edited by Franco Cantini, translated from the Italian by Lucinda Byatt and from the Spanish by Paul Hammond. Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser. {{ISBN|3-7643-6642-7}}.}}
* {{cite book |last=Cerver |first=Francisco Asencio |year=1997 |title=The Architecture of Minimalism |location=New York |publisher=Arco |isbn=0-8230-6149-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Johnson |year=1947 |title=Mies van der Rohe |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]]}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lancaster |first=Clay |date=September 1953 |title=Japanese Buildings in the United States before 1900: Their Influence upon American Domestic Architecture |journal=[[The Art Bulletin]] |volume=35 |number=3 |pages=217–224 |doi=10.1080/00043079.1953.11408188}}
* {{cite book |last=Pawson |first=John |author-link=John Pawson |year=1996 |title=Minimum |location=London, England |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=0-7148-3262-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Rossell |first=Quim |year=2005 |title=Minimalist Interiors |location=New York |publisher=Collins Design |isbn=0-688-17487-6}}
* {{cite journal |last=Saito |first=Yuriko |author-link=Yuriko Saito |date=Winter 2007 |title=The Moral Dimension of Japanese Aesthetics |journal=[[The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism]] |volume=65 |number=1 |pages=85–97 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-594X.2007.00240.x|doi-access=free }}
{{div col end}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Chayka |first=Kyle |title=[[The Longing for Less: Living with Minimalism]] |date=2020 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] |location=New York |isbn=9781635572100|ref=none}}
* [[Keenan, David]], and [[Michael Nyman]] (4 February 2001). "Claim to Frame". ''[[Sunday Herald]]''

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.photo.rmn.fr/CS.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&VBID=2CO5PC6SYBUT6&SMLS=1&RW=1147&RH=579 Agence Photographique de la Réunion des musées nationaux et du Grand Palais des Champs-Elysées]
* [https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/longing-for-less-excerpt/ "A Short History of Minimalism—Donald Judd, Richard Wollheim, and the origins of what we now describe as minimalist" By Kyle Chayka January 14, 2020 The Nation]

{{Clear}}
{{navboxes|list=
{{Avant-garde}}
{{Minimal art}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Western art movements}}
{{Engineering approaches}}
{{Aesthetics}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Minimalism| ]]
[[Category:Contemporary art movements]]
[[Category:Modern art]]
[[Category:Abstract art]]
[[Category:Western art]]
[[Category:Modernism]]
[[Category:Simple living]]
[[Category:1960s in art]]
[[Category:1970s in art]]
[[Category:Postmodern art]]
[[Category:Postmodernism]]