View source for Technology transfer in computer science

'''Technology transfer in computer science''' refers to the [[technology transfer|transfer of technology]] developed in [[computer science]] or applied computing research, from universities and governments to the [[private sector]]. These technologies may be abstract, such as [[algorithms]] and [[data structures]], or concrete, such as [[open source software]] packages.

== Examples ==
{{Incomplete list|date=November 2014}}Notable examples of technology transfer in computer science include:
{| class="wikitable"
!Year of transfer
!Technology
!
Field(s)
!Originally developed at
!Transfer method(s)
!Commercialised at
!Patented
!Used by
|-
|c. 1964
|[[BASIC]]
|[[Programming languages]]
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Dartmouth College]]
|[[Freeware]]
|Computer manufacturers and others
|No
|Numerous [[BASIC dialects]]
|-
|1974 (Internet Protocol published)

1992 (interconnection)
|[[The Internet]]
|[[Computer networking]]

[[The Internet]]
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[DARPA|Advanced Research Projects Agency]]
|[[Request for Comments|RFC]]

1992 law permitting commercial interconnection
|Numerous companies
|No
|Millions of [[web sites]] and other internet properties
|-
|1981
|[[KMS (hypertext)|KMS]]
|[[Hypertext]]
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Carnegie Mellon University]]
|Spin-out
|Knowledge Systems
|No
|?
|-
|1984
|[[MATLAB]]
|[[Programming languages]]

[[Scientific computing]]

[[List of numerical analysis software|Numerical computing]]
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[University of New Mexico]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://uk.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/articles/the-origins-of-matlab.html|title = The Origins of MATLAB|date = 2004|accessdate = 19 November 2014|website = Mathworks.com|publisher = |last = Moler|first = Cleve}}</ref>
|Incorporation and rewrite<ref name=":0" />
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[MathWorks]]
|No (original)

Yes (from 2001)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://uk.mathworks.com/company/aboutus/policies_statements/patents.html|title = Patents|date = |accessdate = 19 November 2014|website = Mathworks.com|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>
|Millions of users
|-
|c. 1985
|[[HyperTIES]]
|[[Hypertext]]
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[University of Maryland]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url = http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/hyperties/|title = Hypertext Research: The Development of HyperTIES|date = |accessdate = 22 November 2014|website = Human Computer Interaction Lab|publisher = University of Maryland|last = |first = }}</ref>
|[[Intellectual property license|Licensing]]<ref name=":1" />
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Cognetics Corporation]]
|?
|[[Union Carbide]], [[Hewlett-Packard]], others<ref name="cognetics-hyperties">{{cite web|url=http://www.leadersintheknow.biz/AboutUs/OurHistory/tabid/174/Default.aspx|title=Cognetics History|publisher=[[Cognetics Corporation]]|accessdate = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1990 (initial software)

1994 (Netscape)<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://arstechnica.com/business/2011/10/before-netscape-forgotten-web-browsers-of-the-early-1990s/|title = Before Netscape: the forgotten Web browsers of the early 1990s|date = 11 October 2011|accessdate = 22 November 2014|website = [[Ars Technica]]|publisher = |last = Lasar|first = Matthew}}</ref>
|[[World Wide Web]]
|[[Hypertext]]

[[World Wide Web]]
|{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}[[CERN]]
|Unfettered use (no patents)
[[W3C|Consortium]] (to create recommended standards)
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Netscape]] and others
|No
|Millions of [[web sites]]
|-
|1991
|[[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]]
|[[Computer networking]]

[[The Internet]]

[[Information retrieval]]
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[University of Minnesota]]
|[[Request for Comments|RFC]]

[[Freeware]]
|Numerous companies
|No
|Numerous Gopher sites
|-
|1998
|[[PageRank]]
|[[Information retrieval]]

[[World Wide Web]]

[[Algorithms]]
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Stanford University]]
|[[Spin-out]]
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Google Inc.|Google]]
|Yes
|[[Google Search]]
|-
|2004 (software)

2011 (incorporation)
|[[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]
|[[Programming languages]]

[[Object-oriented programming]]
|{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}[[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]]
|Open source
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Typesafe Inc.]] and others
|?
|[[Play framework|Play]], [[Akka (toolkit)|Akka]] and others
|-
|2013
|[[Conflict-free replicated data types|CRDTs]]
|[[Distributed computing]]
|{{Flagdeco|France}}[[INRIA]] and others
|?
|{{Flagdeco|US}}[[Basho Technologies]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://basho.com/introducing-riak-2-0/|title = Introducing Riak 2.0: Data Types, Strong Consistency, Full-Text Search, and Much More|date = 29 October 2013|accessdate = 29 November 2014|website = |publisher = [[Basho Technologies]]|last = |first = }}</ref>
|No
|[[Riak]]<ref name=":2" />
|}

== References ==
<references />[[Category:Technology transfer|Computer science]]
[[Category:Computer science]]
[[Category:Computing-related lists]]