Technology transfer in computer science
Technology transfer in computer science refers to the transfer of technology developed in computer science or applied computing research, from universities and governments to the private sector. These technologies may be abstract, such as algorithms and data structures, or concrete, such as open source software packages.
Examples
 |
Notable examples of technology transfer in computer science include:
| Year of transfer | Technology |
Field(s) |
Originally developed at | Transfer method(s) | Commercialised at | Patented | Used by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 1964 | BASIC | Programming languages | Template:Country data USDartmouth College | Freeware | Computer manufacturers and others | No | Numerous BASIC dialects |
| 1974 (Internet Protocol published)
1992 (interconnection) |
The Internet | Computer networking | Template:Country data USAdvanced Research Projects Agency | RFC
1992 law permitting commercial interconnection |
Numerous companies | No | Millions of web sites and other internet properties |
| 1981 | KMS | Hypertext | Template:Country data USCarnegie Mellon University | Spin-out | Knowledge Systems | No | ? |
| 1984 | MATLAB | Programming languages | Template:Country data USUniversity of New Mexico<ref name=":0">Moler, Cleve (2004). "The Origins of MATLAB". Mathworks.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.</ref> | Incorporation and rewrite<ref name=":0" /> | Template:Country data USMathWorks | No (original)
Yes (from 2001)<ref>"Patents". Mathworks.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.</ref> |
Millions of users |
| c. 1985 | HyperTIES | Hypertext | Template:Country data USUniversity of Maryland<ref name=":1">"Hypertext Research: The Development of HyperTIES". Human Computer Interaction Lab. University of Maryland. Retrieved 22 November 2014.</ref> | Licensing<ref name=":1" /> | Template:Country data USCognetics Corporation | ? | Union Carbide, Hewlett-Packard, others<ref name="cognetics-hyperties">"Cognetics History". Cognetics Corporation. Retrieved 22 November 2014.</ref> |
| 1990 (initial software)
1994 (Netscape)<ref>Lasar, Matthew (11 October 2011). "Before Netscape: the forgotten Web browsers of the early 1990s". Ars Technica. Retrieved 22 November 2014.</ref> |
World Wide Web | Hypertext |  CERN
|
Unfettered use (no patents)
Consortium (to create recommended standards) |
Template:Country data USNetscape and others | No | Millions of web sites |
| 1991 | Gopher | Computer networking | Template:Country data USUniversity of Minnesota | RFC | Numerous companies | No | Numerous Gopher sites |
| 1998 | PageRank | Information retrieval | Template:Country data USStanford University | Spin-out | Template:Country data USGoogle | Yes | Google Search |
| 2004 (software)
2011 (incorporation) |
Scala | Programming languages | École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
|
Open source | Template:Country data USTypesafe Inc. and others | ? | Play, Akka and others |
| 2013 | CRDTs | Distributed computing |  INRIA and others
|
? | Template:Country data USBasho Technologies<ref name=":2">"Introducing Riak 2.0: Data Types, Strong Consistency, Full-Text Search, and Much More". Basho Technologies. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2014.</ref> | No | Riak<ref name=":2" /> |
References
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