DARPA

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This article is about the US military research agency. For other uses, see DARPA (disambiguation).

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Template:BreakHeadquarters in Ballston in Arlington County, Virginia, 2022
Agency overview
FormedFebruary 7, 1958; 67 years ago (1958-02-07) (as ARPA)
Preceding agency
  • Advanced Research Projects Agency
JurisdictionFederal government of the United States
HeadquartersArlington County, Virginia, U.S.
Employees220<ref>"About Us". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. n.d. Retrieved September 29, 2019.</ref>
Annual budget$3.868 billion (FY2022)<ref>"Budget". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. n.d. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</ref>
Agency executive
Parent departmentUnited States Department of Defense
Websitewww.darpa.mil

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is a research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.<ref>Dennis, Michael Aaron (December 23, 2022). "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency | United States government". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 5, 2023.</ref><ref>Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. "About DARPA". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Retrieved June 26, 2021.</ref>

Originally known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the agency was created on February 7, 1958, by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet launching of Sputnik 1 in 1957. By collaborating with academia, industry, and government partners, DARPA formulates and executes research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, often beyond immediate U.S. military requirements.<ref name="Commission2008">Dwight D. Eisenhower and Science & Technology, (2008). Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, Source.</ref>

The Economist has called DARPA the agency "that shaped the modern world," and said that "Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine sits alongside weather satellites, GPS, drones, stealth technology, voice interfaces, the personal computer and the internet on the list of innovations for which DARPA can claim at least partial credit."<ref name="Economist">"A growing number of governments hope to clone America's DARPA". The Economist. Vol. 439, no. 9248. June 5, 2021. pp. 67–68. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</ref> Its track record of success has inspired governments around the world to launch similar research and development agencies.<ref name="Economist" />

DARPA is independent of other military research and development and reports directly to senior Department of Defense management. DARPA comprises approximately 220 government employees in six technical offices, including nearly 100 program managers, who together oversee about 250 research and development programs.<ref>"About DARPA". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Retrieved February 11, 2018.</ref>

The name of the organization first changed from its founding name, ARPA, to DARPA, in March 1972, changing back to ARPA in February 1993, then reverted to DARPA in March 1996.<ref>"ARPA, DARPA, and Jason". Military Embedded Systems. Retrieved April 17, 2018.</ref>

The agency's current director, appointed in March 2021, is Stefanie Tompkins.<ref>"Stefanie Tompkins Appointed 23rd DARPA Director". DARPA. March 15, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.</ref>

Mission

As of 2021, their mission statement is "to make pivotal investments in breakthrough technologies for national security".<ref>"DARPA Mission". darpa.mil. Archived from the original on April 30, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2021.</ref>

History

File:DARPA through 50 years.ogv

Early history (1958–1969)

DARPA's former headquarters in the Virginia Square neighborhood of Arlington. The agency is currently located in a new building at 675 North Randolph St.

The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was suggested by the President's Scientific Advisory Committee to President Dwight D. Eisenhower in a meeting called after the launch of Sputnik.<ref>Bethe, Hans. "Interview with Hans Bethe" (PDF). Eisenhower Library. Retrieved February 18, 2024.</ref> ARPA was formally authorized by President Eisenhower in 1958 for the purpose of forming and executing research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, and able to reach far beyond immediate military requirements.<ref name="Commission2008"/> The two relevant acts are the Supplemental Military Construction Authorization (Air Force)<ref>Subcommittee On Military Construction, United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services (1958). Fiscal Year 1958 Supplemental Military Construction Authorization (Air Force): Hearings, Eighty-fifth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 9739.</ref> (Public Law 85-325) and Department of Defense Directive 5105.15, in February 1958. It was placed within the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and counted approximately 150 people.<ref>Steve Crocker (March 15, 2022). "[Internet Policy] Why the World Must Resist Calls to Undermine the Internet". IETF-Discussion (Mailing list). I was at (D)ARPA from mid 1971 to mid 1974</ref> Its creation was directly attributed to the launching of Sputnik and to U.S. realization that the Soviet Union had developed the capacity to rapidly exploit military technology. Initial funding of ARPA was $520 million.<ref name = Wizards20 >"$ 520 million appropriation and a $ 2 billion budget plan." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 20). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> ARPA's first director, Roy Johnson, left a $160,000 management job at General Electric for an $18,000 job at ARPA.<ref name = Wizards21 >"Roy Johnson, ARPA's first director, was, like his boss, a businessman. At age fifty-two, he had been personally recruited by McElroy, who convinced him to leave a $160,000 job with General Electric and take an $18,000 job in Washington." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 21). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> Herbert York from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was hired as his scientific assistant.<ref name = Wizards21a >"Herbert York, whom Killian had been keen on, was given the job and moved to ARPA from the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 21). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref>

Johnson and York were both keen on space projects, but when NASA was established later in 1958 all space projects and most of ARPA's funding were transferred to it. Johnson resigned and ARPA was repurposed to do "high-risk", "high-gain", "far out" basic research, a posture that was enthusiastically embraced by the nation's scientists and research universities.<ref name = Wizards21,22 >"The staff of ARPA saw an opportunity to redefine the agency as a group that would take on the really advanced "far-out" research....The scientific community, predictably, rallied to the call for a reinvention of ARPA as a "high-risk high-gain" research sponsor— the kind of R& D shop they had dreamed of all along" Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (pp. 21,22). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> ARPA's second director was Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, who resigned in early 1961 and was succeeded by Jack Ruina who served until 1963.<ref name = Wizards23,24 >"In early 1961 ARPA's second director, Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, resigned" Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (pp. 23,24) Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> Ruina, the first scientist to administer ARPA, managed to raise its budget to $250 million.<ref name = Wizards23 >"Ruina raised ARPA's annual budget to $ 250 million." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 23). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref> It was Ruina who hired J. C. R. Licklider as the first administrator of the Information Processing Techniques Office, which played a vital role in creation of ARPANET, the basis for the future Internet.<ref name = Wizards27-39 >"J. C. R. Licklider." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (pp. 27–39). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.</ref>

Additionally, the political and defense communities recognized the need for a high-level Department of Defense organization to formulate and execute R&D projects that would expand the frontiers of technology beyond the immediate and specific requirements of the Military Services and their laboratories. In pursuit of this mission, DARPA has developed and transferred technology programs encompassing a wide range of scientific disciplines that address the full spectrum of national security needs.

From 1958 to 1965, ARPA's emphasis centered on major national issues, including space, ballistic missile defense, and nuclear test detection.<ref name = Wizards23a >projects in ballistic missile defense and nuclear test detection, couched in terms of basic research, were the top priorities." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet (p. 23). Simon & Schuster. Kindle edition.</ref> During 1960, all of its civilian space programs were transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the military space programs to the individual services.<ref>"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency | United States government". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 19, 2021.</ref>

This allowed ARPA to concentrate its efforts on the Project Defender (defense against ballistic missiles), Project Vela (nuclear test detection), and Project AGILE (counterinsurgency R&D) programs, and to begin work on computer processing, behavioral sciences, and materials sciences. The DEFENDER and AGILE programs formed the foundation of DARPA sensor, surveillance, and directed energy R&D, particularly in the study of radar, infrared sensing, and x-ray/gamma ray detection.

ARPA at this point (1959) played an early role in Transit (also called NavSat) a predecessor to the Global Positioning System (GPS).<ref>Helen E. Worth; Mame Warren (2009). Transit to Tomorrow. Fifty Years of Space Research at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2013.</ref> "Fast-forward to 1959 when a joint effort between DARPA and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory began to fine-tune the early explorers' discoveries. TRANSIT, sponsored by the Navy and developed under the leadership of Richard Kirschner at Johns Hopkins, was the first satellite positioning system."<ref>Catherine Alexandrow (April 2008). "The Story of GPS". Archived from the original on June 29, 2011.</ref><ref name=gap>DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging the Gap. April 2008. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011.</ref>

During the late 1960s, with the transfer of these mature programs to the Services, ARPA redefined its role and concentrated on a diverse set of relatively small, essentially exploratory research programs. The agency was renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1972, and during the early 1970s, it emphasized direct energy programs, information processing, and tactical technologies.[citation needed]

Concerning information processing, DARPA made great progress, initially through its support of the development of time-sharing. All modern operating systems rely on concepts invented for the Multics system, developed by a cooperation among Bell Labs, General Electric and MIT, which DARPA supported by funding Project MAC at MIT with an initial two-million-dollar grant.<ref>Stefanie Chiou; Craig Music; Kara Sprague; Rebekah Wahba (December 5, 2001). "A Marriage of Convenience: The Founding of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 14, 2011.</ref>

DARPA supported the evolution of the ARPANET (the first wide-area packet switching network), Packet Radio Network, Packet Satellite Network and ultimately, the Internet and research in the artificial intelligence fields of speech recognition and signal processing, including parts of Shakey the robot.<ref name="ieee">"Oral History: Bertram Raphael". IEEE Global History Network. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on May 16, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2012.</ref> DARPA also supported the early development of both hypertext and hypermedia. DARPA funded one of the first two hypertext systems, Douglas Engelbart's NLS computer system, as well as The Mother of All Demos. DARPA later funded the development of the Aspen Movie Map, which is generally seen as the first hypermedia system and an important precursor of virtual reality.

Later history (1970–1980)

The Mansfield Amendment of 1973 expressly limited appropriations for defense research (through ARPA/DARPA) only to projects with direct military application.

The resulting "brain drain" is credited with boosting the development of the fledgling personal computer industry. Some young computer scientists left the universities to startups and private research laboratories such as Xerox PARC.

Between 1976 and 1981, DARPA's major projects were dominated by air, land, sea, and space technology, tactical armor and anti-armor programs, infrared sensing for space-based surveillance, high-energy laser technology for space-based missile defense, antisubmarine warfare, advanced cruise missiles, advanced aircraft, and defense applications of advanced computing.

Many of the successful programs were transitioned to the Services, such as the foundation technologies in automatic target recognition, space-based sensing, propulsion, and materials that were transferred to the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO), later known as the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO), now titled the Missile Defense Agency (MDA).

Recent history (1981–present)

During the 1980s, the attention of the Agency was centered on information processing and aircraft-related programs, including the National Aerospace Plane (NASP) or Hypersonic Research Program. The Strategic Computing Program enabled DARPA to exploit advanced processing and networking technologies and to rebuild and strengthen relationships with universities after the Vietnam War. In addition, DARPA began to pursue new concepts for small, lightweight satellites (LIGHTSAT) and directed new programs regarding defense manufacturing, submarine technology, and armor/anti-armor.

In 1981, two engineers, Robert McGhee and Kenneth Waldron, started to develop the Adaptive Suspension Vehicle (ASV) nicknamed the "Walker" at the Ohio State University, under a research contract from DARPA.<ref>Kenneth J. Waldron; Vincent J. Vohnout; Arrie Pery; Robert B. McGhee (June 1, 1984). "Configuration Design of the Adaptive Suspension Vehicle". The International Journal of Robotics Research. 3 (2): 37–48. doi:10.1177/027836498400300204. S2CID 110409452.</ref> The vehicle was 17 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 10.5 feet high, and had six legs to support its three-ton aluminum body, in which it was designed to carry cargo over difficult terrains. However, DARPA lost interest in the ASV, after problems with cold-weather tests.<ref>"Not so long ago, in an OSU engineering lab nearby…". The Ohio State University. November 30, 2012.</ref>

On February 4, 2004, the agency shut down its so called "LifeLog Project". The project's aim would have been, "to gather in a single place just about everything an individual says, sees or does".<ref>Staff, Wired (February 4, 2004). "Pentagon Kills LifeLog Project". Wired. Retrieved March 6, 2019.</ref>

On October 28, 2009, the agency broke ground on a new facility in Arlington County, Virginia a few miles from The Pentagon.<ref>The Washington Times, "Pentagon Agency Breaks Ground", October 29, 2009.</ref>

In fall 2011, DARPA hosted the 100-Year Starship Symposium with the aim of getting the public to start thinking seriously about interstellar travel.<ref>Casey, Tina (January 28, 2012). "Forget the Moon Colony, Newt: DARPA Aims for 100 Year Starship". CleanTechnica. Retrieved August 25, 2012.</ref>

On June 5, 2016, NASA and DARPA announced that it planned to build new X-planes with NASA's plan setting to create a whole series of X planes over the next 10 years.<ref name="Building X Planes">Grady, Mary (June 5, 2016). "NASA and DARPA plan to release new X-Planes". Yahoo Tech. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2016.</ref>

Between 2014 and 2016, DARPA shepherded the first machine-to-machine computer security competition, the Cyber Grand Challenge (CGC), bringing a group of top-notch computer security experts to search for security vulnerabilities, exploit them, and create fixes that patch those vulnerabilities in a fully automated fashion.<ref>Howley, Daniel (July 17, 2016). "Darpa to create Cyber Grand Challenge to fight security vulnerabilities". Archived from the original on July 18, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.</ref><ref>"Cyber Grand Challenge (CGC)". DARPA. Archived from the original on June 10, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2020.</ref> It is one of DARPA prize competitions to spur innovations.

In June 2018, DARPA leaders demonstrated a number of new technologies that were developed within the framework of the GXV-T program. The goal of this program is to create a lightly armored combat vehicle of not very large dimensions, which, due to maneuverability and other tricks, can successfully resist modern anti-tank weapon systems.<ref>"DARPA demonstrates 6 new technologies behind the agile combat vehicles of tomorrow" New Atlas, June 26, 2018</ref>

In September 2020, DARPA and the US Air Force announced that the Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (HAWC) are ready for free-flight tests within the next year.<ref>David Szondy (September 8, 2020). "DARPA/US Air Force hypersonic air-breathing weapon ready for free flight". New Atlas.</ref>

Victoria Coleman became the director of DARPA in November 2020.<ref name="Cohen">Cohen, Rachel S. (November 20, 2020). "Meet New DARPA Director Victoria Coleman". Air Force Magazine. Retrieved November 21, 2020.</ref>

In recent years, DARPA officials have contracted out core functions to corporations. For example, during fiscal year 2020, Chenega ran physical security on DARPA's premises,<ref>"Contracts for September 30, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</ref> System High Corp. carried out program security,<ref>"Contracts for March 10, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</ref> and Agile Defense ran unclassified IT services.<ref>"Contracts for June 2, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</ref> General Dynamics runs classified IT services.<ref>"Contracts for October 22, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</ref> Strategic Analysis Inc. provided support services regarding engineering, science, mathematics, and front office and administrative work.<ref>"Contracts for September 17, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</ref>

  • DARPA history
  • The formative years (1958–1975)

    The formative years
    (1958–1975)

  • The Cold War era (1975–1989)

    The Cold War era
    (1975–1989)

  • The Post-Soviet years (1989–present)

    The Post-Soviet years
    (1989–present)

Organization

Current program offices

DARPA has six technical offices that manage the agency's research portfolio, and two additional offices that manage special projects.<ref>"DARPA Offices". DARPA.mil. Retrieved May 6, 2023.</ref><ref>"Special Projects and Technology Transition". DARPA.mil. Retrieved May 6, 2023.</ref> All offices report to the DARPA director, including:

  • The Aerospace Projects Office (APO) DARPA launched the Aerospace Projects Office (APO) in 2015 in response to a new Defense Department initiative, the Aerospace Innovation Initiative (AII), which aims to ensure that the United States can maintain air dominance in future contested environments. The AII includes a new program, AII-X, tasked with designing and demonstrating advanced aircraft technologies. The AII-X program is being led by DARPA, and the APO is its home.<ref>Aerospace Projects Office DARPA.mil Retrieved May 5, 2023</ref>
  • The Adaptive Capabilities Offices (ACO) The Adaptive Capabilities Office (ACO), works in close partnership with the military services to focus on pathways to address critical national security challenges. ACO is defining architectural solutions that combine emerging technologies with new warfighting constructs to address challenges in contested environments. These architectures will be vetted with a combination of modeling and simulation and a robust campaign of experimentation in order to realize new doctrine, concepts of operations, and technologies that will enable joint, highly integrated capability sets.<ref>Adaptive Capabilities Office DARPA.mil Retrieved May 5, 2023</ref>
  • The Defense Sciences Office (DSO): DSO identifies and pursues high-risk, high-payoff research initiatives across a broad spectrum of science and engineering disciplines and transforms them into important, new game-changing technologies for U.S. national security. Current DSO themes include novel materials and structures, sensing and measurement, computation and processing, enabling operations, collective intelligence, and global change.<ref>"Defense Sciences Office (DSO)". darpa.mil. Retrieved May 21, 2023.</ref><ref>"DARPA/DSO Home Page". December 2, 1998. Archived from the original on December 2, 1998. Retrieved June 6, 2017.</ref>
  • The Information Innovation Office (I2O) aims to ensure U.S. technological superiority in all areas where information can provide a decisive military advantage. Some of the program managers in I2O are Stuart Wagner (as of September 2014), Steve Jameson (as of August 2014), Angelos Keromytis (as of July 2014), David Doermann (as of April 2014), and Brian Pierce (prior to September 2018). As of August 2021, William Scherlis is currently the office director.<ref>"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency". www.darpa.mil. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2021.</ref>
  • The Microsystems Technology Office (MTO) core mission is the development of high-performance, intelligent microsystems and next-generation components to ensure U.S. dominance in Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR), Electronic Warfare (EW), and Directed Energy (DE). The effectiveness, survivability, and lethality of systems that relate to these applications depend critically on microsystems and components.<ref>"Microsystems Technology Office (MTO)". DARPA.mil. Retrieved May 6, 2023.</ref>
  • The Strategic Technology Office (STO) mission is to focus on technologies that have a global theater-wide impact and that involve multiple Services.<ref name="darpa.mil">"DARPA | Offices". Archived from the original on October 15, 2009. Retrieved November 8, 2009. DARPA Offices. Retrieved 2009-11-08.</ref>
  • The Tactical Technology Office (TTO) engages in high-risk, high-payoff advanced military research, emphasizing the "system" and "subsystem" approach to the development of aeronautic, space, and land systems as well as embedded processors and control systems
  • The Biological Technologies Office (BTO) fosters, demonstrates, and transitions breakthrough fundamental research, discoveries, and applications that integrate biology, engineering, and computer science for national security. Created in April 2014 by then director Arati Prabhakar, taking programs from the MTO and DSO offices.<ref>"DARPA Launches Biological Technologies Office". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. April 1, 2014.</ref>

Former offices

militaryaerospace.com. May 1, 2003</ref>
  • The Special Projects Office (SPO) researched, developed, demonstrated, and transitioned technologies focused on addressing present and emerging national challenges. SPO investments ranged from the development of enabling technologies to the demonstration of large prototype systems. SPO developed technologies to counter the emerging threat of underground facilities used for purposes ranging from command-and-control, to weapons storage and staging, to the manufacture of weapons of mass destruction. SPO developed significantly more cost-effective ways to counter proliferated, inexpensive cruise missiles, UAVs, and other platforms used for weapon delivery, jamming, and surveillance. SPO invested in novel space technologies across the spectrum of space control applications including rapid access, space situational awareness, counterspace, and persistent tactical grade sensing approaches including extremely large space apertures and structures.
  • The Office of Special Development (OSD) in the 1960s developed a real-time remote sensing, monitoring, and predictive activity system on trails used by insurgents in Laos, Cambodia, and the Republic of Vietnam. This was done from an office in Bangkok, Thailand, that was ostensibly established to catalog and support the Thai fishing fleet, of which two volumes were published. This is a personal recollection without a published citation. A report on the ARPA group under which OSD operated is found here.<ref>Joanne, Sandstrom. "The United States and Thailand" (PDF). digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/. Berkeley.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 22, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.</ref>

A 1991 reorganization created several offices which existed throughout the early 1990s:<ref>"DARPA restructures/creates new offices". Defense Daily. 1991. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012.</ref>

  • The Electronic Systems Technology Office combined areas of the Defense Sciences Office and the Defense Manufacturing Office. This new office will focus on the boundary between general-purpose computers and the physical world, such as sensors, displays and the first few layers of specialized signal-processing that couple these modules to standard computer interfaces.
  • The Software and Intelligent Systems Technology Office and the Computing Systems office will have responsibility associated with the Presidential High-Performance Computing Initiative. The Software office will also be responsible for "software systems technology, machine intelligence and software engineering."
  • The Land Systems Office was created to develop advanced land vehicle and anti-armor systems, once the domain of the Tactical Technology Office.
  • The Undersea Warfare Office combined areas of the Advanced Vehicle Systems and Tactical Technology offices to develop and demonstrate submarine stealth and counter-stealth and automation.

A 2010 reorganization merged two offices:

Projects

A list of DARPA's active and archived projects is available on the agency's website. Because of the agency's fast pace, programs constantly start and stop based on the needs of the U.S. government. Structured information about some of the DARPA's contracts and projects is publicly available.<ref>Klabukov, Ilya; Alekhin, Maksim; Yakovets, Andrey (2017). "DARPA SETA Support FY2010 / FY2015 Database". Figshare. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.4759186.v2.</ref>

DARPA publishes a list of current research programs, and a list of archived programs.<ref>"Our Research". DARPA.mil. Retrieved May 6, 2023.</ref>

Active projects

Past or transitioned projects

Ackerman, Spencer (February 25, 2013). "Darpa Wants to Rethink the Helicopter to Make It Go Way Faster". Wired. Archived from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2013.</ref>

Notable fiction

DARPA is well known as a high-tech government agency, and as such has many appearances in popular fiction. Some realistic references to DARPA in fiction are as "ARPA" in Tom Swift and the Visitor from Planet X (DARPA consults on a technical threat),<ref>Victor Appleton II, 1961. Tom Swift and the Visitor from Planet X Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, originally published by Grosset & Dunlap of New York, now re-published by Project Gutenberg. ARPA is referred to on page 68 published 1961</ref> in episodes of television program The West Wing (the ARPA-DARPA distinction), the television program Numb3rs,<ref>Numb3ers, Season 1, Episode 5 Archived 2010-03-25 at the Wayback Machine, and Season 5, Episode 17 Archived 2010-05-13 at the Wayback Machine</ref> and the Netflix film Spectral.<ref>Robinson, Tasha (December 9, 2016). "Spectral review: Netflix's new movie is Gears of War meets Aliens, on the cheap". The Verge. Retrieved September 14, 2020.</ref>

See also

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References

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Further reading

External links

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