Civic technology

From KYNNpedia

Civic technology, or civic tech, enhances the relationship between the people and government with software for communications, decision-making, service delivery, and political process. It includes information and communications technology supporting government with software built by community-led teams of volunteers, nonprofits, consultants, and private companies as well as embedded tech teams working within government.<ref>* "Civic Tech: Entrepreneurship Opportunities". Archived from the original on 2014-07-27.

Definition

There are four different types of e-government services and civic technology falls within the category of government-to-citizen (or G2C), the other categories include government-to-business (G2B), government-to-government (G2G), and government-to-employees (G2E).<ref name=":10" />

A 2013 report from the Knight Foundation, an American non-profit, attempts to map different focuses within the civic technology space.<ref name=":5" /> It broadly categorizes civic technology projects into two categories: open government and community action.<ref name=":5">"Knight Foundation: Trends in Civic Tech". www.knightfoundation.org. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref>

Open government includes: Community action includes:
Data access and transparency Peer-to-peer local sharing
Voting Civic crowdfunding
Visualization and mapping Neighborhood forums
Data utility Information crowdsourcing
Resident feedback Community organizing
Public decision-making Participatory budgeting

Citizens are also now given access to their representatives through social media. They are able to express their concerns directly to government officials through sites like Twitter and Facebook. There have even been past cases of online voting being a polling option for local elections, which have seen vastly increased turnouts, such as in an Arizona election in 2000 which saw a turnout double that of the previous election. It is asserted though that civic technology in government provides for a good management technique but lacks in providing fair democratic representation.<ref name="cavanaugh2000">Cavanaugh, John W. (2000). "E-Democracy: Thinking About The Impact Of Technology On Civic Life". National Civic Review. 89 (3): 229–234. doi:10.1002/ncr.89305. </ref> Social media is also becoming a growing aspect of government, towards furthering the communication between the government and its citizenry and towards greater transparency within the governmental sectors.<ref>Criado, J. Ignacio; Sandoval-Almazan, Rodrigo; Gil-Garcia, J. Ramon (2013-10-01). "Government innovation through social media". Government Information Quarterly. 30 (4): 319–326. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2013.10.003.</ref> This innovation is facilitating a change towards a more progressive and open government, based on civic engagement and technology for the people. With social media as a communicating platform, it enables the government to provide information to the constituents and citizens on the legislative processes and what is occurring in the Congress, for the sake of the citizens' concerns with the government procedures.

The definition of what constitutes civic technology is contested to a certain extent,<ref name="brookings.edu">"The future of civic technology". 2001-11-30.</ref> especially with regards to companies engaged in the sharing economy, such as Uber, Lyft, and Airbnb. For example, Airbnb's ability to provide New York residents with housing during the aftermath of Superstorm Sandy could be considered a form of civic technology.<ref>"Airbnb.org - Get Involved". Airbnb.org. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref> However, Nathaniel Heller, managing director of the Research for Development Institute's Governance Program contends that for-profit platforms definitively fall outside of the scope of civic technology: Heller has said that "while citizen-to-citizen sharing is indeed involved, the mission of these companies is focused on maximizing profit for their investors, not any sort of experiment in building social capital."<ref>"The Sharing Economy is Not Civic Tech". www.globalintegrity.org. December 2013.</ref> From a goal perspective, civic technology can be understood as "the use of technology for the public good".<ref>"Towards a taxonomy of civic technology". Microsoft on the Issues. 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2016-11-28.</ref>

Microsoft's Technology & Civic Engagement Team have attempted to produce a precise taxonomy of civic technology through a bottom-up approach.<ref name=":6" /> They inventoried the existing initiatives and classified them according to:

  • their functions
  • the social processes they involved
  • their users and customers
  • the degree of change they sought
  • the depth of the technology.

Microsoft's Civic Graph is guiding the developing network of civic innovators, expanding "its visualizations of funding, data usage, collaboration and even influence".<ref name=":6">"Civic Graph Charts the New World of Civic Tech". www.govtech.com. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 2016-12-07.</ref> It is a new tool that is opening up the access to track the world of civic technology towards improving the credibility and progress of this sector. This graph will enable more opportunities for access by governmental institutions and corporations to discover these innovators and use them for progressing society towards the future of technology and civic engagement. To create an informed and insightful community, there needs to be a sense of civic engagement in this community, where there is the sharing of information through civic technology platforms and applications.<ref name=":2">"Knight Foundation". www.knightfoundation.org. Retrieved 2016-12-08.</ref> "Community engagement applied to public-interest technology requires that members of a community participate."<ref name=":2" /> With communal participation in civic tech platforms, this enables more informed residents to convene in a more engaged, unified community that seeks to share information, politically and socially, for the benefit of its citizenry and their concerns. This work resulted in the Civic Tech Field Guide, a free, crowdsourced collection of civic technology tools and projects. Individuals from over 100 countries have contributed to the documentation of technology, resources, funding and general information concerning "tech for social good".<ref>"Civic Tech Field Guide". Civic Tech Field Guide. Retrieved 2020-09-21.</ref>

Technology that is designed to benefit the citizenry places the governments under pressure "to change and innovate the way in which their bureaucracies relate to citizens".<ref>Bonsón, Enrique; Torres, Lourdes; Royo, Sonia; Flores, Francisco (2012-04-01). "Local e-government 2.0: Social media and corporate transparency in municipalities". Government Information Quarterly. 29 (2): 123–132. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2011.10.001.</ref> E-government initiatives have been established and supported in order to strengthen the democratic values of governmental institutions, which can include transparency in government, along with improving the efficiency of the legislative processes to make the government more accountable and reactive to citizens' concerns. These will further civic engagement within the political spectrum for the sake of greater direct representation and a more democratic political system.

Civic hacking is a way to refer to problem solving by programmers, designers, data scientists, communicators, organizers, entrepreneurs, and government employees.<ref>August 2014, Joshua Tauberer. Civic Hacking - Open Government Data: The Book. Retrieved 26 March 2023 – via opengovdata.io.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)</ref> A civic hacker may work autonomously and independently from the government but may still coordinate or collaborate with them. For example, in 2008, civic hacker William Entriken created an open source web application that publicly displayed a comparison of the actual arrival times of Philadelphia’s local Septa trains to their scheduled times. It also automatically sends messages to Septa to recommend updates to the train schedule. Septa’s response indicated interest in coordinating with this civic hacker directly to improve the application.<ref>Lattanzio, Vince (2014-01-20). "Frustrated Over Late SEPTA Trains, Software Developer Creates App Proposing Better Schedules". Retrieved 2023-11-20.</ref><ref>Reyes, Juliana (2014-01-09). "This app shows you how often SEPTA Regional Rail is late (with fixes)". Retrieved 2023-11-20.</ref><ref>Metro Magazine Staff (2014-01-22). "SEPTA rider creates app proposing 'better schedules'". Retrieved 2023-11-20.</ref> Some projects are led by nonprofits, such as Code for America and mySociety. The work often includes paid staff and the contributions of volunteers.<ref name="WhatWeDo">"What We Do". Archived from the original on 2011-01-24. Retrieved 2011-01-15.</ref><ref name="civ">"Is Civic Hacking Becoming 'Our Pieces, Loosely Joined'?". Tech President. 2012-07-25. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2016-06-30.</ref>

As the field of civic technology advances further through the coming years it seems as though apps and handheld devices will become a key focus for development as more companies and municipalities reach out to developers to help with specific issues. Apps are being used in conjunction with hand held devices to make life easier. Tasks such as communication, data tracking, and safety are just a few of the topics app developers and communities have tried to make easier. The cheapest way for citizens to get help and information is through neighbors and others around them. By linking people through apps and websites that harbor conversation and promote civil service cities have found an inexpensive way to provide services to its people.<ref>"The Future of Civic Tech: 8 Localities Showcase Their Initiatives". 11 June 2015.</ref><ref>Feldman, Amy (21 December 2010). "Intelligent Cities". Time – via content.time.com.</ref>

As civic technology is "just a piece of the $25.5 billion that government spends on external information technology (IT)", it is not difficult to see how this sector will grow from here on out towards fostering more innovation in the public and private sectors and towards furthering civic engagement within these sectors and with these platforms of technology.<ref>"The future of civic technology | Brookings Institution". Brookings. 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2016-12-07.</ref>

Worldwide

A worldwide organization that supports civic tech is the Open Government Partnership (OGP). It "is a multilateral initiative that aims to secure concrete commitments from governments to promote transparency, empower citizens, fight corruption, and harness new technologies to strengthen governance".<ref>"Open Government Partnership". Open Government Partnership. Retrieved 2016-11-10.</ref> Created in 2011 by eight founding governments (Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Norway, the Philippines, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States), the OGP gathers every year for a summit. Countries involved are located mainly in America (North and South), Europe and South-Asia (Indonesia, Australia, South Korea). Only a few African countries are part of the OGP, though South Africa is one of the founding countries.

Technological progress is rampant throughout the nations of the world, but there are dividing efforts and adoption techniques in how rapid certain countries are progressing compared to others.<ref>Corrales, Javier; Westhoff, Frank (2006-01-01). "Information Technology Adoption and Political Regimes". International Studies Quarterly. 50 (4): 911–933. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00431.x. JSTOR 4092785.</ref> How countries are able to use information pertains to how devoted nations are to integrating technology into the lives of their citizens and businesses. Local and national governments are funding tens of billions of dollars towards information technology, for the sake of improving the functions and operations of this technology to work for the people and the governments.<ref>Montgomery, Mike. "Why Civic Tech Is The Next Big Thing". Forbes. Retrieved 2016-12-07.</ref> With more governments attaining a grasp on these technologies, it is paving the way towards more progressive and democratic political systems, for the concerns of future society and for those of the citizens of these nations.

Civic technology in Africa

Burkina Faso

Government-led initiatives

The government of Burkina Faso has a government website portal offering citizens online information about the government structure, their constitution, and laws.<ref name=":10">Bwalya, Kelvin J.; Mutula, Stephen M. (2014). E-Government: Implementation, Adoption and Synthesis in Developing Countries. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-3110305272 – via Google Books.</ref>

Kenya

Citizen-led initiatives

Launched in Kenya in 2014,<ref name=":7" /> "MajiVoice" is a joint initiative by the Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB- the Water Sector Regulator in Kenya) and the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program.<ref>"Maji Voice Kenya: Better complaint management at public utilities". www.researchgate.net. Retrieved 2021-11-02.</ref> As opposed to walk-in complaint centers, the initiative enables Kenyan citizens to report complaints with regards to water services via multiple channels of technology. The platform allows for communication between citizens and water service providers with the intention to improve service delivery in impoverished areas and user satisfaction. Users are given four options to report their water complaints. They can dial a number and report a complaint, send a text message (SMS) through their cell phone, or login to an online portal through a web browser on their phone or their laptop. One evaluation highlights the citizen engagement achieved after its implementation, from 400 complaints a month to 4000 complaints, and resolution rates from 46 percent to 94 percent.<ref name=":7" />

South Africa

Government-led initiatives

The South African government has a website portal for citizens called www.gov.za — this was created by Center for Public Service Innovation (CPSI) in partnership with the Department of Public Service and Administration and the State Information Technology Agency.<ref name=":10" /><ref>Obi, Toshio (2010). The Innovative CIO and E-participation in E-government Initiatives. IOS Press. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-1607505044 – via Google Books.</ref> The government portal allows the citizens to interact with their government and provide feedback, request forms online, as well as access online to laws and contact information for lawmakers.<ref name=":10" /> GovChat is the official citizen engagement platform for the South African Government — accessible via WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, SMS and USSD, it offers information to citizens about a wide-array of services provided by the Government.<ref>Mzekandaba, Simnikiwe (2020-09-29). "GovChat ready to 'assist SASSA where needed'". ITWeb. Retrieved 2020-11-20.</ref>

Citizen-led initiatives

Grassroot is a technology platform that supports community organizers to mobilize citizens, built for low-bandwidth, low-data settings that allows for smart-messaging through text message.<ref>"Getting to the Grassroot, Leadership Development through Storytelling on WhatsApp". MIT GOV/LAB. Retrieved 2020-11-20.</ref> Research by the MIT Governance Lab suggests that Grassroot can have important effects on the leadership capacity of community leaders, an effect that is most likely to be achieved through careful design, behavioral incentives, active coaching and iteration.<ref>"A Novel Approach to Civic Pedagogy: Training Grassroots Organizers on WhatsApp". MIT GOV/LAB. Retrieved 2020-11-20.</ref>

Uganda

Government-led initiatives

The Ugandan government has a website portal created for citizens called Parliament Portal, which gives citizens online access to laws, their constitution, and election related news.<ref name=":10" />

Citizen-led initiatives

U-Report, a mobile platform introduced by UNICEF Uganda in 2011,<ref>"UNICEF's U-Report: using mobile technology for youth participation in policymaking - Centre for Public Impact (CPI)". Centre for Public Impact (CPI). Retrieved 2018-04-19.</ref> is an initiative that runs large scale polls with Ugandan youth on a wide range of issues, ranging from safety to access to education to inflation to early marriage. The goal of the initiative was to have Ugandan youth play a role in civic engagement within the context of local issues.<ref name=":7">Tiago, Peixoto; L., Sifry, Micah (2017-08-21). Civic Tech in the Global South. doi:10.1596/27947. ISBN 978-0-9964142-27.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</ref> U-Report is still active (as of April 2018), with over 240,000 users across Uganda. Support for the initiative primarily came from the aid of the government, NGO's, youth organizations, faith based organizations, and private companies.<ref>"UNICEF Uganda - Youth - U-report". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 2018-04-19.</ref> Users sign up for the program for free by sending a text on their phone, then every week "U-Reporters" answer a question regarding a public issue. Poll results are published in public media outlets such as newspapers, radio, etc. UNICEF takes these responses and provides members of parliament (MP's) a weekly review of these results, acting as a bridge between government and Ugandan youth.<ref name=":7" />

Civic technology in Asia

Taiwan

Taiwan is highly ranked internationally for its technological innovations including open data, digital inclusivity, and widespread internet participation.<ref name=":14"/>

As of 2019, approximately 87% of Taiwan's citizens over 12 years old had connectivity to the internet.<ref name=":13">Tang, Audrey (2019-03-12). "Inside Taiwan's new digital democracy". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2021-10-22.</ref> The widespread use of internet has facilitated online political participation by giving citizens a platform to express their political opinions. Through the internet, Taiwanese citizens can directly contact political figures through online channels and publicly voice their political beliefs.<ref>Hsieh, Yuli Patrick; Li, Meng-Hao (2014-01-02). "Online political participation, civic talk, and media multiplexity: how Taiwanese citizens express political opinions on the Web". Information, Communication & Society. 17 (1): 26–44. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2013.833278. ISSN 1369-118X. S2CID 145142967.</ref> New innovations have continued to be made in Taiwan that foster more political participation. The online platform called "Join," for example, was created in 2015 to give Taiwanese citizens a way to discuss, review, and propose governmental policy.<ref>Hsin-Ying, Huang; Mate, Kovacs; Victor, Kryssanov; Uwe, Serdült (July 2021). "Towards a Model of Online Petition Signing Dynamics on the Join Platform in Taiwan". 2021 Eighth International Conference on eDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG) (PDF). pp. 199–204. doi:10.1109/ICEDEG52154.2021.9530852. ISBN 978-1-6654-2512-4. S2CID 237519792.</ref> Overall, the development of the internet and the emergence of new technologies in Taiwan has shown to increase political participation among its citizens.<ref>Chang, Alex Chuan-hsien (December 2019). "Does Internet usage inspire offline political participation? Analyzing the Taiwanese case". Japanese Journal of Political Science. 20 (4): 191–208. doi:10.1017/S1468109919000070. ISSN 1468-1099. S2CID 201372486.</ref>

Government-led initiatives

Taiwan's Digital Minister Audrey Tang has made strides to increase communication and collaboration between the government and the general public. Networks of Participation Officers have been established in each minister to jointly create new governmental policies between the public sector, citizens. and other government departments through collaborative meetings. Taiwan has taken on a collaborative approach to civic technology as a way to encourage increased participation from the public.<ref name=":13"/> New governmental policies in Taiwan have helped foster technological advancement, such as the Financial Technology Development and Innovative Experimentation Act which passed in 2017 that created a Regulatory Sandbox platform to support the development of FinTech in Taiwan. This sandbox was created to support industry creativity by enabling entrepreneurs and companies to experiment freely with new technologies without legal constraints for a year.<ref>"Taiwan Fintech Regulatory Development". International Trade Administration. July 1, 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 27 September 2021.</ref>

Citizen-led initiatives

The g0v movement was created in 2012 with the goal of engaging more citizens in public affairs. It is a grassroots and decentralized civic tech community composed of coders, designers, NGO workers, civil servants and citizens designed to increase transparency of government information. All of g0v's projects are open-source and created by citizens.<ref>"g0v.asia". g0v.asia. Retrieved 2021-09-28.</ref> The g0v community has participated in a variety of social movements, including the Sunflower Student Movement where it provided a crowdsourcing platform,<ref>Chen, Bo-yu; Liao, Da-chi; Wu, Hsin-che; Hwang, San-yih (2014). "The logic of communitive action: A case study of Taiwan's Sunflower Movement" (PDF). Internet, Politics and Policy Conference, Oxford, UK. Retrieved 2021-10-27.</ref> and the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement where it provided live broadcasting and a logistics system.<ref name=":14">Tang, Audrey (November 2019). "Inside Taiwan's New Digital Democracy" (PDF). Actas del III Congreso Internacional Move.net sobre Movimientos Sociales y TIC 14 y 15 de noviembre de 2019 – Universidad de Sevilla, COMPOLITICAS. Retrieved 2021-09-27.</ref> The Template:Proper name (v for virtual) was created initially by members of g0v and later as a collaboration with the Taiwan's government. Template:Proper name is a digital space where participants can discuss controversial topics.<ref>Lee, Shin Haeng (2017-01-02). "Digital democracy in Asia: The impact of the Asian internet on political participation". Journal of Information Technology & Politics. 14 (1): 62–82. doi:10.1080/19331681.2016.1214095. ISSN 1933-1681. S2CID 151402807.</ref> It uses a conversation tool called pol.is that leverages machine learning to scale online discussion.<ref>Megill, Colin (2016-05-25). "pol.is in Taiwan". blog.pol.is. Retrieved 2017-06-03.</ref>

Civic technology in Taiwan was a key component of the country's successful response to the COVID-19 epidemic. Partnering with the Taiwanese government, the civic tech community used open data to create maps available to citizens that visualized the availability of masks to make the distribution of PPE more efficient.<ref>Lee, Tsung-Ling (2020-05-01). "Legal preparedness as part of COVID-19 response: the first 100 days in Taiwan". BMJ Global Health. 5 (5): e002608. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002608. ISSN 2059-7908. PMC 7246107. PMID 32434776.</ref> Big data analytics and QR code scanning also were used in Taiwan's response to the pandemic, which enabled the government to send out real-time alerts during clinical visits and track citizens' travel history and health symptoms.<ref>Wang, C. Jason; Ng, Chun Y.; Brook, Robert H. (2020-04-14). "Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: Big Data Analytics, New Technology, and Proactive Testing". JAMA. 323 (14): 1341–1342. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3151. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 32125371. S2CID 211831388.</ref> The response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan is representative of the country's shift towards a 'techno-democratic statecraft' and positioned them as a new leader in the international sphere for digital infrastructure.<ref>Insisa, Aurelio (2021). The strategic communications of techno-democratic statecraft: the case of Taiwan. European University Institute. ISBN 978-92-9084-991-9.</ref> Taiwan's handling and early response to the epidemic has gained them international praise, with the country having significantly fewer COVID-19 cases than their neighbors.<ref>"Why Taiwan Has Just 42 Coronavirus Cases while Neighbors Report Hundreds or Thousands". VOA. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 2021-11-01.</ref>

Japan

In Japan, the Civic Tech movement has been rapidly growing since around 2013. Japan's civic tech initiatives have been primarily citizen-led, but more recently, Japan has taken on government-led initiatives as well.<ref>"Japan's new prime minister drags government into the digital era". The Economist. 2021-01-02. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2021-09-29.</ref>

Citizen-led initiatives

The purpose of civic tech initiatives are to educate the population to use technology as a democratization tool and to access public information.

Although the rapid growth of the civic tech movement in Japan started around 2013, the movement first came about in 2011 after the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear meltdowns that occurred in the Tōhoku region. After the Fukushima disaster, citizen-led initiative Safecast, which allows citizens to collect and distribute radiation data, was created.<ref name="Osaki">Osaki, Tomohiro (2020-04-20). "Strength in numbers: A more open approach to tracking the virus in Japan". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2021-11-09.</ref>

The mission of citizen-led initiative Code for All is to make data more accessible to the public and to encourage the use of technology for the democratization of governance.<ref>"How To Build A Civic Tech Community | Code for All". codeforall.org. 2021-08-15. Retrieved 2021-09-29.</ref> The Code for Japan chapter is one of several chapters started by Code for All. Although Code for Japan is a citizen-led initiative, it also works closely with the government. Policy Advisor of the Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs, Naoki Ota, who is a promoter of Code for Japan's civic tech projects.<ref>"Naoki Ota". www.swissre.com. Retrieved 2021-11-09.</ref> In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, Code for Japan also developed stopcovid19.metro.tokyo.lg.jp for the Tokyo Metropolitan Government that informs the public about the number of coronavirus cases and reductions in metropolitan subway usage.<ref name="Osaki"/>

A different citizen-led project led by JP-Mirai is working to release an app that allows migrant workers to file complaints and address issues regarding items like visas and taxation. The app currently remains unnamed.<ref>"Japan turns to tech to help foreign blue-collar workers". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2021-09-29.</ref>

Government-led initiatives

While civic technology initiatives in Japan had mostly been citizen-led, the inception of the coronavirus pandemic encouraged the Japanese government to transition to digitization.

This is because former in-person practices moved to the digital space in lieu of the coronavirus.<ref>Camargo, Lorin (2021-01-14). "8 Months Later — Civic Tech Takes on a Pandemic". Code for All. Retrieved 2021-09-29.</ref> The government plans to focus on the digitization aspect of its functions: the implementation of more sophisticated systems in the central and local governments in order to increase the security of private and personal information and the transference from the primary use of Hanko –– a seal used in lieu of a signature on printed documents –– to digital verifications and documents in order to increase efficiency.<ref>"Japan passes laws to set up digital policy agency in September". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2021-09-29.</ref>

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has also made strides in light of the pandemic. Through the use of a copyright that allows for malleable content distribution Creative Commons licensing, and open-source development platform GitHub, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has allowed other collaborators to add to the data and code of the project created by Code for Japan.

Nepal

Civic technology in Nepal is growing, and has been utilized for tasks like mapping, migrant work technology, digital literacy and open data understanding in Nepal thus far.

Citizen-led initiatives

Civic technology in Oceania

Australia

Citizen-led initiatives

In Australia, a platform and proposed political party called MiVote has a mobile app for citizens to learn about policy and cast their vote for the policies they support.<ref>"Can Direct Democracy Be Revived Through New Voting Apps?". Fast Company. 2016-09-07. Retrieved 2017-04-28.</ref> MiVote politicians elected to office would then vote in support of the majority position of the people using the app.<ref>"MiVote wants to bring remote control politicians to the Senate". The Australian Financial Review. 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2017-04-28.</ref>

Snap Send Solve is a mobile app for citizens to report to local councils and other authorities quickly and easily. In 2020, 430,000 reports where sent via the app.<ref>"2020 Data Report – Snap Send Solve". www.snapsendsolve.com. 7 February 2021.</ref> A January 2021 report in Melbourne's Herald Sun noted an increased number of reports for dumped rubbish.<ref>Royall, Ian (26 January 2021). "Why mattresses are being dumped on Melbourne streets". Herald Sun. Data from reporting app Snap Send Solve also revealed that a 47 per cent in reports of dumped rubbish, including mattresses, up to 36,963 across the state.</ref>

Civic technology in Europe

Denmark

Government-led initiatives

In 2002, MindLab an innovation public sector service design group was established by the Danish ministries of Business and Growth, Employment, and Children and Education.<ref name=":1">Bason, Christian (2013). "Design-Led Innovation in Government". Stanford Social Innovation Review (SSIR). Stanford University. Retrieved 2018-02-24.</ref> MindLab was one of the world's first public sector design innovation labs and their work inspired the proliferation of similar labs and user-centered design methodologies deployed in many countries worldwide.<ref name="thegovlab">"MindLab: The evolution of a public innovation lab - The Governance Lab @ NYU". The Governance Lab @ NYU. 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2018-02-24.</ref> The design methods used at MindLab are typically an iterative approach of rapid prototyping and testing to evolve not just their government projects, but also government organizational structure using ethnographic-inspired user research, creative ideation processes, and visualization and modeling of service prototypes.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="thegovlab" /><ref>Bason, Christian; Colligan, Philip (2014-11-20). "Look to Government—Yes, Government—for New Social Innovations". Harvard Business Review.</ref> In Denmark, design within the public sector has been applied to a variety of projects including rethinking Copenhagen's waste management, improving social interactions between convicts and guards in Danish prisons, transforming services in Odense for mentally disabled adults and more.<ref name=":1" />

Estonia

Government-led initiatives

The process of digitalization in Estonia began in 2002, when local and central governments began building an infrastructure that allowed autonomous and interconnected data.<ref name=":12">Docherty-Hughes, Martin (2020-09-09). "Estonia's digitised society is a worthy lesson for an independent Scotland". The National. Retrieved 2020-09-22.</ref> That same year in 2002, Estonia launched a national ID system that was fully digitalized and paired with digital signatures.<ref name=":11">Schulze, Elizabeth (2019-02-08). "How a tiny country bordering Russia became one of the most tech-savvy societies in the world". CNBC. Retrieved 2020-09-22.</ref> The national ID system allowed Estonians to pay taxes online, vote online, do online banking, access their health care records,<ref name=":11" /> as well as process 99% of Estonian public services online 24 hours a day, seven days.<ref name=":12" /> Estonia is well known internationally for its e-voting system.<ref name="CRC Press">Hao, Feng; Ryan, Peter Y. A. (2016-11-30). Real-World Electronic Voting: Design, Analysis and Deployment. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4987-1471-6.</ref> Internet voting (where citizens vote remotely with their own equipment) was piloted in Estonia in 2005 and has been in use since then. As of 2016, Estonia's Internet voting system has been implemented in three local elections, two European Parliament elections, and three parliamentary elections.<ref name="CRC Press"/>

In 2007, Estonia faced a politically motivated, large cyber attack which damaged most of the country's digital infrastructure, and as a result became the home of NATO Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence.<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Warren">Warren, Matthew (2013-04-01). Case Studies in Information Warfare and Security for Researchers, Teachers and Students. Academic Conferences Limited. ISBN 978-1-909507-06-7.</ref> The National Security Response was updated and approved in 2010 in response to the cyber attacks, and recognizes the growing threat of cyber crime in Estonia.<ref name="Warren"/>

In 2014, Estonia launched the e-Residency, which allowed users to create and manage a location independent business online from anywhere in the world.<ref name=":11" /> That was followed by an immigration visa for digital nomads, which was a novel way of approaching immigration policy.<ref name=":11" /><ref>Heller, Nathan. "Estonia, the Digital Republic". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2020-09-22.</ref>

Citizen-led initiatives

Several citizen designed e-democracy platforms have launched in Estonia. In 2013, the online platform People's Assembly (Rahvakogu) was launched for crowdsourcing ideas and proposals to amend Estonia's electoral laws, political party law, and other issues related to democracy.<ref>"Rahvakogu, Estonia – From ideas to laws". Citizens Foundation.</ref><ref>Roonemaa, Mari (2017-04-18). "Global lessons from Estonia's tech-savvy government". UNESCO. Retrieved 2020-09-22.</ref> Citizen OS is another e-democracy platform and is free and open source. The platform was created with the goal of enabling Estonian citizens to engage in collaborative decision-making, encouraging users to initiate petitions and participate in meaningful discussion on issues in society.<ref>"Vision · Citizen OS". citizenos.com. Retrieved 2021-11-23.</ref>

France

The most dynamic French city regarding civic tech is Paris, with many initiatives moving in the Sentier, a neighborhood known for being a tech hub.<ref>"Paris, bientôt capitale des Civic Tech ?". Libération.fr. Retrieved 2016-11-24.</ref> According to Le Monde, French civic tech is "already a reality" but lacks investments to scale up.<ref>Fagot, Vincent (2016-10-10). "Les nouvelles ambitions de la " Civic Tech " française". Le Monde.fr (in français). ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 2016-11-24.</ref>

Government-led initiatives

In France, public data are available on data.gouv.fr by the Etalab mission, located under the authority of the Prime Minister.

Government agencies are also leading large citizen consultation through the Conseil national du numérique<ref>"Conseil National du Numérique". Conseil National du Numérique (in français). Retrieved 2016-11-10.</ref> (National digital council), for example with the law about the digital republic (Projet de loi pour une république numérique).

Citizen-led initiatives

The French citizen community for civic tech is gathered in the collective Démocratie ouverte (Open democracy). The main purpose of this collective is to enhance democracy to increase citizen power, improve the way to decide collectively and update the political system. Démocratie ouverte gathers many projects focused on understanding politics, renewing institutions, participating in democracy, and public action. Several open-source, non-profit web platforms have been launched nationwide to support citizen's direct involvement: Communecter.org,<ref>pixelhumain. "Réseau sociétal citoyen". www.communecter.org. Retrieved 2018-01-14.</ref> Demodyne.org<ref>Niculita, Desvigne, Dobre. "DEMODYNE - Shape Your Society". www.demodyne.org. Archived from the original on 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2018-01-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</ref> as well as Democracy OS France (derived from the Argentinian initiative).

LaPrimaire.org organizes open primaries to allow the French to choose the candidates they wish to run for public elections<ref>"LaPrimaire". LaPrimaire. Retrieved 21 February 2018.</ref><ref>Guerrini, Federico. "Civic Tech Platform La Primaire Wants To Help French Voters Bypass Traditional Parties". Forbes. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</ref>

Iceland

The Icelandic constitutional reform, 2010–13 instituted a process for reviewing and redrafting their constitution after the 2008 financial crisis, using social media to gather feedback on twelve successive drafts.<ref>Landemore, Hélène (2014-07-31). "We, All of the People". slate.com. Retrieved 2017-06-03.</ref>

Beginning in October 2011, a Citizens Foundation platform called Betri Reykjavik had been implemented for citizens to inform each other and vote on issues.<ref>Gnarr, Jón (2014). Gnarr! How I Became the Mayor of a Large City in Iceland and Changed the World. Melville House. p. 192. ISBN 9781612194134.</ref> Each month the city council formally evaluates the top proposals before issuing an official response to each participant.<ref>Lackaff, Derek (2016-06-10). Better Reykjavik — Open Municipal Policymaking. MIT Press. pp. 229–234. ISBN 9780262034272. Retrieved 2018-05-28 – via researchgate.net.</ref> As of 2017, the number of proposals approved by the city council reached 769.<ref>Jacobs, Joshua (2017-11-23). "The world watches Reykjavik's digital democracy experiment". ft.com. Retrieved 2018-05-28.</ref>

The Pirate Party (Iceland) uses the crowdsourcing platform Píratar for members to create party policies.

Italy

Citizen-led initiatives

A consortium made by TOP-IX, FBK and RENA created the Italian civic tech school.<ref>"Scuola di tecnologie civiche". Retrieved 2016-11-16.</ref> The first edition<ref>"Prima Edizione". Technologie Civiche (in Italian).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)</ref> was in May 2016 in Turin.

The Five Star Movement, an Italian political party has a tool called Rousseau which gives members a way to communicate with their representatives.

Spain

The Madrid City Council has a department of Citizen Participation<ref>"This Is How People Power Wins an Election: The Story of Ahora Madrid". Commons Transition. 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2017-04-28.</ref> that facilitates a platform called Decide Madrid for registered users to discuss topics with others in the city, propose actions for the City Council, and submit ideas for how to spend a portion of the budget on projects voted on through participatory budgeting.<ref>"More Information". Decide Madrid. Retrieved 2017-04-28.</ref>

Podemos (Spanish political party) uses a reddit called Plaza Podemos where anybody can propose and vote on ideas.

Sweden

The City of Stockholm has a make-a-suggestion page on stockholm.se and available as an app, allowing citizens to report any ideas for improvement in the city along with a photo and GPS. After receiving a suggestion, it is sent to the appropriate office that can place a work order. During 2016, one hundred thousand requests were recorded. This e-service began in September 2013.<ref>"How the smart city develops". stockholm.se. Retrieved 2017-07-19.</ref>

The city government of Gothenburg has an online participatory voting system,<ref>"Göteborgsförslaget". goteborg.se. Retrieved 2017-07-19.</ref> open for every citizen to propose changes and solutions. When a proposal receives more than 200 votes, it is delivered to the relevant political committee.<ref>Kollaborativ Ekonomi Göteborg (5 July 2017). "12 Reasons Why Gothenburg is an Amazing Sharing City". shareable.net. Retrieved 2017-07-19.</ref>

United Kingdom

Government-led initiatives

In 2007 and 2008 documents from the British government explore the concept of "user-driven public services" and scenarios of highly personalized public services.<ref name=":3">"User Involvement in Public Services, Sixth Report of Session" (PDF). Public Administration Select Committee, The House of Commons, London: The Stationery Office Limited. 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2018-02-23.</ref><ref name=":4">"Policy Review, Building on progress: Public services" (PDF). Prime Minister's Strategy Unit. March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2018-02-23.</ref> The documents proposed a new view on the role of service providers and users in the development of new and highly customized public services, utilizing user involvement.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> This view has been explored through an initiative in the UK. Under the influence of the European Union, the possibilities of service design for the public sector are being researched, picked up, and promoted in countries such as Belgium.<ref>Thoelen and Cleeren (ed.), Public Service Design. A guide for the application of service design in public organisations, 2015 http://designvlaanderen.be/publicatie/public-service-design Archived 2017-01-07 at the Wayback Machine</ref>

Care Opinion was set up to strengthen the voice of patients in the NHS in 2005. Behavioural Insights Team (BIT) (also known as Nudge) was originally part of the British cabinet and was founded in 2010, in order to apply nudge theory to try to improve British government policy, services and save money. As of 2014, BIT became a decentralized, semi-privatized company with Nesta (charity), BIT employees and the British government each owning a third of this new business.<ref>"'Nudge unit' privatisation unveiled". BBC News. 2014-02-05. Retrieved 2018-02-24.</ref> That same year a Nudge unit was added to the United States government under president Obama, referred to as the 'US Nudge Unit,' working within the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy.<ref>"Executive Order Formally Establishes US 'Nudge Unit'". Behavioral Scientist. 2015-09-16. Archived from the original on 2019-09-21. Retrieved 2018-02-24.</ref>

Citizen-led initiatives

FixMyStreet.com is a website and app developed by mySociety, a UK based civic technology company that works to make online democracy tools for British citizens. FixMyStreet allows citizens in the United Kingdom to report public infrastructure issues (such as potholes, broken streetlights, etc.) to the proper local authority.<ref>"FixMyStreet". FixMyStreet. Retrieved 2018-04-19.</ref> FixMyStreet became inspiration to many countries around the world that followed suit to use civic technology to better public infrastructure.<ref name=":7"/> The website was funded by the Department for Constitutional Affairs Innovation fund and created by mySociety.<ref>"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-04-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)</ref> Along with the platform itself, mySociety released FixMyStreet, a free and open-source software framework that allows users to create their own website to report street problems.<ref>"mysociety/fixmystreet". GitHub. Retrieved 2018-04-19.</ref> mySociety has many different tools, like parliamentary monitoring ones, that work in many countries for different types of governance. When such tools are integrated into government systems, citizens can not only understand the inner workings of their now transparent government, but also have the means to "exert influence over the people in power".<ref>mySociety. "Democracy". mySociety. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</ref> Newspeak House is a community space and venue focused on building a community of civic and political technology practitioners in the United Kingdom.<ref>"Newspeak". Newspeak. Retrieved 7 June 2018.</ref>

Spacehive is a crowdfunding platform for civic improvement projects that allows citizens and local groups to propose project ideas such as improving a local park or starting a street market.<ref>"Mayor of London Sadiq Khan Invests Over £400,000 as Part of Crowdfund London". 30 July 2017. Retrieved 2021-11-02.</ref> Projects are then funding by a mix of citizens, companies and government bodies. The platform is used by several councils including the Mayor of London to co-fund projects.<ref>"Crowdfund London". London City Hall. Greater London Authority. 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2018-11-28.</ref>

Democracy Club is a community interest company, founded in 2009 to provide British voters with easy access to candidate lists in upcoming elections.<ref>"Democracy Club". Democracy Club. Retrieved 2019-05-19.</ref><ref>"Democracy? There's an app for that". The Guardian. 2017-06-06. Retrieved 2019-05-19.</ref> Democracy Club uses a network of volunteers to crowdsource information about candidates which is then presented to voters via a postcode search on the website whocanivotefor.co.uk.<ref>"Democracy Club Finally Lets Brits Know Who Is Running for Parliament". ThechPresident. 2015-04-22. Retrieved 2019-05-19.</ref><ref>"Why are British voters in the dark about this week's elections?". The Guardian. 2017-05-03. Retrieved 2019-05-19.</ref> Democracy Club also works with the Electoral Commission to provide data for a national polling station finder at wheredoivote.co.uk and on the commission's own website.<ref>"Electoral Administration Bulletin 220" (PDF). The Electoral Commission. 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2019-05-19.</ref>

Ukraine

Government-led initiatives

In Ukraine, major civic tech movement started out with open data reform in 2014. As for now, public data are available on data.gov.ua, national open data portal.<ref>"Open Data in Ukraine - data.gov.ua". www.data.gov.ua. Retrieved 12 July 2018.</ref><ref>"Can open data grow Ukraine's economy by 1-Billion In 7 years". The ODI. Retrieved 12 July 2018.</ref>

Citizen-led initiatives

Some widely used Ukrainian civic tech projects are donor recruitment platform DonorUA, Ukrainian companies' data and court register monitoring service Open Data Bot, participatory budgeting platform "Громадський проект". The latter accounts for over 3 million users.<ref>"DonorUA: How the Synergy of the Civil Society, Business and IT Saves Thousands of Lives". Medium. 2018-04-12. Retrieved 12 July 2018.</ref><ref>"Open Data Bot". Open Data Bot. Retrieved 12 July 2018.</ref><ref>"The First Forum on Participatory Budgeting Held in Kyiv". IBSER. Retrieved 12 July 2018.</ref>

In 2017, to foster the growth of civic tech initiatives, Ukrainian NGO SocialBoost launched 1991 Civic Tech Center, a dedicated community space in country's capital, Kyiv.<ref>"Trend 2021–civic tech. What you need to know about public technology – Rubryka". Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref> The space opened following a $480,000 grant from Omidyar Network, the philanthropic investment firm established by eBay founder Pierre Omidyar.<ref>"As Some Bail, Denis Gursky Sees Ukraine as Land of Opportunity, and Thinks You Should Too". Atlantic Council. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.</ref>

Civic technology in North America

Canada

Government-led initiatives

Canadian Digital Service (CDS) was launched in 2017, as part of an attempt to bring better IT to the Canadian government.<ref>Ireton, Julie (2017-12-14). "Canadian Digital Service takes startup approach to building better IT for government". CBC. Retrieved 2018-11-14.</ref><ref name=":8">Trendall, Sam (2018-08-01). "Inside the Canadian Digital Service – how the transformation agency began life 'on the corner of someone's desk'". PublicTechnology.net. Retrieved 2018-11-14.</ref> The CDS was established within the Treasury Board of Canada the Canadian agency that oversees spending within departments and the operations of the public service.<ref name=":8" /> Scott Brison, the president of the Canadian Treasury Board, launched CDS and was Canada's first minister of Digital Government.<ref name=":8" />

Citizen-led initiatives

As in other countries, the Canadian civic technology movement is home to several organizations. Code for Canada is a non-profit group, following somewhat the model of Code for America.<ref>Sawhney, Gabe (2017-04-05). "It's time for Code for Canada". Medium. Code for Canada. Retrieved 27 September 2017.</ref> Several cities or regions host civic technology groups with regular meetings (in order from West to East): Vancouver,<ref>"Civic Tech Vancouver". civictechvancouver.ca. Retrieved 2019-06-08.</ref> Calgary,<ref>"CivicTechYYC | Tech for Good". CivicTechYYC | Tech for Good. Retrieved 2019-06-08.</ref> Edmonton,<ref>"Beta City YEG". Beta City YEG. Retrieved 27 September 2017.</ref> Waterloo Region,<ref>"CivicTechWR". CivicTechWR. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.</ref> Toronto,<ref>"Civic Tech Toronto". Civic Tech Toronto. Retrieved 27 September 2017.</ref> Ottawa,<ref>"Ottawa Civic Tech". Ottawa Civic Tech. Retrieved 27 September 2017.</ref> Fredericton,<ref>"CIVIC TECH FREDERICTON". CIVIC TECH FREDERICTON. Retrieved 2018-02-07.</ref> Saint John,<ref>"Civic Tech Saint John". Meetup. Retrieved 2020-06-15.</ref> and Halifax.<ref>"Halifax Civic Tech". Eventbrite. Retrieved 2019-06-08.</ref>

United States

Government-led initiatives

The Clinton, Bush, and Obama administrations sought initiatives to further openness of the government, through either increased use of technology in political institutions or efficient ways to further civic engagement.<ref>Bertot, John Carlo (August 12, 2010). "Engaging the Public in Open Government: Social Media Technology and Policy for Government Transparency". Researchgate.net. Retrieved October 23, 2016.</ref> The Obama administration pursued an Open Government Initiative based on principles of transparency and civic engagement.<ref name="ejp">Huijboom, Noor (March–April 2011). "Open data: an international comparison of strategies" (PDF). epracticejournal.edu. European Journal of Practice. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.</ref> This strategy has paved the way for increased governmental transparency within other nations to improve democratically for the citizens' benefit and allow for greater participation within politics from a citizen's perspective. During his run for president, Obama was "tied directly to the extensive use of social media by the campaign".<ref>Bertot, John Carlo; Jaeger, Paul T.; Hansen, Derek (2012-01-01). "The impact of policies on government social media usage: Issues, challenges, and recommendations". Government Information Quarterly. 29 (1): 30–40. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2011.04.004.</ref>

According to a study conducted by the International Data Corporation (IDC), an estimated $6.4 billion will be spent on civic technology in 2015 out of approximately $25.5 billion that governments in the United States will spend on external-facing technology projects.<ref name="brookings.edu" /><ref>"Civic tech in 2015: $6.4 billion to connect citizens to services, and to one another - TechRepublic". 6 February 2015.</ref> A Knight Foundation survey of the civic technology field found that the number of civic technology companies grew by roughly 23% annually between 2008 and 2013.<ref>"The Emergence of Civic Tech: Investments in a Growing Field" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2015-08-31.</ref>

Citizen-led initiatives

Civic technology is built by a variety of companies, organizations and volunteer groups. One prominent example is Code for America, a not-for-profit based in San Francisco, working toward addressing the gap between the government and citizens.<ref>"About us". www.codeforamerica.org. Retrieved 2016-11-20.</ref> College students from Harvard University created the national non-profit Coding it Forward that creates data science and technology internships for undergraduate and graduate students in United States federal agencies.<ref>"About". Coding it Forward. Retrieved 30 August 2018.</ref> Another example of a civic technology organization is the Chi Hack Night,<ref>"Chi Hack Night". Chi Hack Night. Retrieved 2016-11-10.</ref> based in Chicago. The Chi Hack Night is a weekly, volunteer-run event for building, sharing and learning about civic technology. Civic Hall<ref>"Civic Hall". Civic Hall. Retrieved 2017-06-03.</ref> is a coworking and event space in New York City for people who want to contribute to civic-minded projects using technology.<ref>Field, Anne. "A Coworking Site For Civic Tech In New York City". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-06-03.</ref> And OpenGov creates software designed to enable public agencies to make data-driven decisions, improve budgeting and planning, and inform elected officials and citizens.

OneBusAway, a mobile app that displays real-time transit info, exemplifies the open data use of civic technology. It is maintained by volunteers and has the civic utility of helping people navigate their way through cities. It follows the idea that technology can be a tool for which government can act as a society-equalizer.<ref>Wood, Colin (16 August 2016). "What is Civic Tech?". govtech.com. e.Republic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.</ref>

Princeton University Professor Andrew Appel set out to prove how easy it was to hack into a voting machine.<ref>Pratt, Timothy (9 July 2019). "Georgia's new voting system actually decreases election security, say experts". Quartz. Retrieved 2019-07-24.</ref> On February 3, 2007, he and a graduate student, Alex Halderman, purchased a voting machine, and Halderman picked the lock in 7 seconds.<ref>Appel, Andrew. "Personal Affidavit from Andrew Appel for the Superior Court of New Jersey in New Jersey Voting Machines Lawsuit". Princeton University. Retrieved 2019-09-24.</ref><ref>"How I bought used voting machines on the Internet". www.cs.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-31.</ref> They removed the 4 ROM chips and replaced them with modified versions of their own: a version of modified firmware that could throw off the machine's results, subtly altering the tally of votes, never to betray a hint to the voter. It took less than 7 minutes to complete the process.

In September 2016, Appel wrote a testimony for the Congress House Subcommittee on Information Technology hearing on "Cybersecurity: Ensuring the Integrity of the Ballot Box", suggesting to for Congress to eliminate touchscreen voting machines after the election of 2016, and that it require all elections be subject to sensible auditing after every election to ensure that the systems are functioning properly and to prove to the American people that their votes are counted as cast.<ref>Appel, Andrew (September 28, 2016). "Written testimony of Andrew W. Appel" (PDF). House Subcommittee of Information Technology. Princeton University. Retrieved November 17, 2016.</ref><ref>"National Academies panel on securing the vote includes Princeton computer scientist Appel". Princeton University. Retrieved 2019-07-24.</ref>

Mexico

Government-led initiatives

Within the Mexican president's office, there is a national digital strategy coordinator who works on Mexico's national digital strategy.<ref name=":9">Cesar, Max; Chaia, Alberto; de Oliveira Vaz, Andre; Garcia-Muñoz, Gonzalo; Haugwitz, Philipp (2018-11-01). "How Mexico can become Latin America's digital-government powerhouse". McKinsey & Company. Retrieved 2018-11-15.</ref> The office has created the gob.mx portal, a website designed for Mexican citizen to engage with their government, as well as a system to share open government data.<ref name=":9" /> According to McKinsey & Company, in a 2018 survey Mexico had the worst-rated citizen experience (4.4 out of 10) for convenience and accessibility of Mexican government services, of the group of countries surveyed (Canada, France, Germany, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States).<ref name=":9" />

Citizen-led initiatives

Arena Electoral was an online platform created by Fundación Ethos during the Mexican electoral process of 2012 to promote responsible voting.<ref>"Bienvenidos". Arena Electoral. Retrieved 2018-04-19.</ref> An online simulation was created by taking the four presidential candidates in that election cycle and each were given policy issues based on the Mexican national agenda that they had to come up with a solution to. Once each candidate gave their solutions, the platform published it on their website and left it to the Mexican citizens to vote for the best policy.<ref>"Con esta herramienta, descubre con cuál candidato eres más afín". Vanguardia (in español). Retrieved 2018-04-19.</ref>

Civic technology in Latin America

Argentina

Partido de la Red (Net Party) is an Argentinean political party using the DemocracyOS open-source software with the goal of electing representatives who vote according to what citizens decide online.<ref>"Partido de la Red". Participedia. Archived from the original on 2017-08-18. Retrieved 2017-04-28.</ref> Caminos de la Villa is a citizen action platform where citizens can monitor the urbanization of the City of Buenos Aires. Users are able to view detailed information of the work the government is doing in the neighborhoods. Additionally, users are able to download documents, along with photos of what the government is doing. Users can also make reports of issues with public services to the platform.<ref>"Caminos de la villa". caminosdelavilla.org. Retrieved 2022-09-16.</ref><ref>"Caminos de la Villa". Engineering For Change. Retrieved 2022-09-23.</ref>

Bolivia

Observatorio de Justicia Fiscal desde las Mujeres (English: The Women's Fiscal Justice Observatory), is an organization that reviews the fiscal policies of the country. They do this by using a system with the same name to process information regarding the spending of the country with a gender focus.<ref>Jemio, Miriam Telma. "Crean plataforma y observatorio de justicia fiscal desde las mujeres". lapublica.org.bo (in español). Retrieved 2022-11-07.</ref> This is done to have better equality in the expenditure of the country.<ref>"Nosotros". Observatorio de Justicia Fiscal Desde las Mujeres (in español). Retrieved 2022-11-07.</ref>

Brazil

In 2011, NOSSAS, a Brazilian organization that helps citizens and groups express their struggles and make change was founded.<ref name=":15">"NOSSAS". www.nossas.org. Retrieved 2022-09-16.</ref><ref>Network, Omidyar (2018-02-13). "How Can Civic Technology Transform Brazil?". Omidyar Network. Retrieved 2022-09-16.</ref><ref>"Nossas". Namati. Retrieved 2022-09-16.</ref> They have also made their own tech platform, BONDE. It is a platform in which other organizations can use to make their own website and use tools to spread their reach.<ref>"NOSSAS". www.nossas.org. Retrieved 2022-09-16.</ref> Apart from BONDE, NOSSAS also provides support and programs to those who want to become activists.<ref name=":15" />

Chile

CitizenLab is a civic technology company that is in many countries and local governments. Citizen Lab works so citizens are better informed in democracy to make public decisions. In 2019, they expanded to Chile and made teams to support them with engagement, budgeting, planning, and more.<ref>"About us - CitizenLab". www.citizenlab.co. Retrieved 2022-09-16.</ref>

Colombia

Founded in 2016, Movilizatorio was made to encourage and promote citizen participation in democracy.<ref>"HOME". Movilizatorio (in español). Retrieved 2022-11-07.</ref> Movilizatorio works on many projects to address various issues in the country including political, social, behavioral, and cultural issues. One of their projects was able to get the local community together because an elementary school had not started classes. Shortly after the movement started, after getting signatures and going to the Secretary of Education, classes started.<ref>"Movilizatorio". Peace Insight. Retrieved 2022-11-07.</ref>

Panama

Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Libertad Ciudadana (English: Foundation for the Development of Citizen Freedom) is an organization founded in 1995. The main goal is to improve democracy in Panama. Ways of achieving this is promoting transparency with the government to prevent corruption and engaging with citizens to increase democratic citizen participation.<ref>"Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Libertad Ciudadana - Otro sitio de WordPress". Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Libertad Ciudadana. Retrieved 2022-11-07.</ref><ref>"Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Libertad Ciudadana". onthinktanks.org. Retrieved 2022-11-07.</ref>

Paraguay

TEDIC is an organization founded in 2012 that defends digital rights of citizens. TEDIC researches information on cybersecurity, copyright, artificial intelligence, and more. They also promote and develop their own software for people to use to make social change. They have worked on topics such as personal data, freedom of expression, gender and digital inclusion, and more.<ref>TEDIC. "Inicio". www.tedic.org/ (in español). Retrieved 2022-09-16.</ref><ref>"TEDIC | Association for Progressive Communications". www.apc.org. Retrieved 2022-10-24.</ref>

Uruguay

A Tu Servicio, a civic tech platform, informs users and citizens on the country's public health services so that they are able to make informed decisions on medical providers. The platform was founded in 2015. It features a list users can use to compare 2 different health care providers. The data includes wait times, prices, number of users, workers, and more.<ref>A Tu Servicio</ref> DATA Uruguay is an organization that works on issues surrounding data. They work with other organizations and community to create tools with open data. DATA Uruguay promotes open data and transparency of public information.<ref>"Sobre DATA Uruguay, misión y visión – DATA Uruguay" (in español). Retrieved 2022-09-16.</ref><ref>"Datos Abiertos Transparencia y Acceso a la Información (DATA Uruguay) archivos". Centro Virtual para la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas de la sociedad civil (in español). Retrieved 2022-10-24.</ref>

Venezuela

Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic that was happening in Venezuela, programmers have made various apps with civic uses.<ref>"Venezuela: Freedom on the Net 2021 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 2022-09-16.</ref> One of which was Docti.App, it was an app that had a list of locations citizens can go to for emergencies. It had a filterable list to find whatever users needed, including medicine and oxygen bottles.<ref name=":02">AFP (2021-05-28). "¿Buscar hospital? ¿Oxígeno? Apps contra el covid-19 en Venezuela". EL NACIONAL (in español). Retrieved 2022-09-16.</ref> Another example is Javenda, it was a web application used to find nearby hospitals. He gathered data from health centers, added it to a map, and made it accessible for users to locate them.<ref name=":02" /><ref>I, José Miguel Avendaño (2021-04-15). "Acceso a Mapa de Centros Asistenciales". Blog de José Miguel Avendaño I. Retrieved 2022-09-16.</ref>

Effects of civic technology

Effects on social behavior and civic engagement

Because of the conveniences provided by civic technology, there are benefits as well as growing concern about the effects it may have on social behavior and civic engagement.<ref name=":0">Baldwin-Philippi, Jesse; Balestra, Martina; Gordon, Eric (2013-10-27). "Why We Engage: How Theories of Human Behavior Contribute to Our Understanding of Civic Engagement in a Digital Era". Berkman Klein Center. Harvard University. Retrieved 2018-02-27.</ref> New technology allows for connectivity and new communications, as well as changing how we interact with issues and contexts beyond one's intimate sphere.<ref name=":0" /> Civic technology affords transparency in government with open-government data, and allows more people of diverse socioeconomic levels to be able to build and engage with civic matters in a way that was not possible prior.<ref>"'Civic tech' efforts open up government data for the great public good". news and observer. 2018-02-10. Retrieved 2018-02-27.</ref>

Communication

The importance of face-to-face interactions has also been called to question with the increase in e-mails and social media and a decrease in traditional, in-person social interaction. Technology as a whole may be responsible for this change in social norm, but it also holds potential for turning it around with audio and video communication capabilities. More research needs to be conducted in order to determine if these are appropriate substitutes for in-person interaction, or if any substitute is even feasible.<ref name="cavanaugh2000" />

Preece & Shneiderman discuss the important social aspect of civic technology with a discussion of the "reader-to-leader framework", which follows that users inform readers, who inform communicators, who then inform collaborators, before finally reaching leaders.<ref>Preece, Jennifer (2009). "The Reader-to-Leader Framework: Motivating Technology-Mediated Social Participation" (PDF). Theory and Review.</ref> This chain of communication allows for the interests of the masses to be communicated to the implementers.

Elections

Regarding elections and online polling, there is the potential for voters to make less informed decisions because of the ease of voting. Although many more voters will turn out, they may only be doing so because it is easy and may not be consciously making a decision based on their own synthesized opinion. It's suggested that if online voting becomes more common, so should constituent-led discussions regarding the issues or candidates being polled.<ref name="cavanaugh2000" /> Voting advice applications helps voters find candidates and parties closest to their preferences, with studies suggesting that the use of these applications tend to increase turnout and affect the choice of voters.<ref>Munzert, Simon; Ramirez-Ruiz, Sebastian (2021-11-02). "Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Voting Advice Applications". Political Communication. 38 (6): 691–706. doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1843572. ISSN 1058-4609. S2CID 234126029.</ref> An experiment during assembly elections in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh showed that sending villages voice calls and text messages informing them of criminal charges of candidates increased the vote share of clean candidates and decreased the vote shares of violent criminal candidates.<ref>George, S., Gupta, S., & Neggers, Y. (2020). Coordinating Voters against Criminal Politicians: Experimental Evidence from India.</ref>

Effects on socioeconomics

With advanced technologies coming at higher costs and with an increased reliance on civic technologies may leave low-income families in the dark if they cannot afford the platforms for civic technology, such as computers and tablets. This causes an increase in the gap between lower and middle/high socioeconomic class families.<ref name="cavanaugh2000" />

Knowledge of how to use computers is equally important when considering factors of accessing civic technology applications online, and is also generally lower in low-income households. According to a study performed by the National Center for Education Statistics, 14% of students between the age range of 3 and 18 do not have access to the internet. Those with a lower socio-economic status tend to cut their budgets by not installing internet in their homes.<ref>"More than 9 million children lack internet access at home for online learning". USAFacts. Retrieved 2020-09-22.</ref> Public Schools have taken the lead in ensuring proper technology access and education in the classroom to better prepare children for the high-tech world, but there is still a clear difference between online contributions from those with and without experience on the internet.<ref name="cavanaugh2000" />

See also

References

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