Experiential knowledge
Experiential knowledge is knowledge gained through experience, as opposed to a priori (before experience) knowledge: it can also be contrasted both with propositional (textbook) knowledge, and with practical knowledge.<ref>Philip Burnard, Counselling Skills for Health Professionals (2005) p. 64</ref>
Experiential knowledge is cognate to Michael Polanyi's personal knowledge, as well as to Bertrand Russell's contrast of Knowledge by Acquaintance and by Description.<ref>Bertrand Russell, Mysticism and Logic (1954) Ch. 5</ref>
A posteriori
In the philosophy of mind, the phrase often refers to knowledge that can only be acquired through experience, such as, for example, the knowledge of what it is like to see colours, which could not be explained to someone born blind: the necessity of experiential knowledge becomes clear if one was asked to explain to a blind person a colour like blue.
The question of a posteriori knowledge might be formulated as: can Adam or Eve know what water feels like on their skin prior to touching it for the first time?[citation needed]
Religion
Zen emphasises the importance of the experiential element in religious experience,<ref>Dadid K. Reynolds, The Quiet Therapies (1982) p. 95</ref> as opposed to what it sees as the trap of conceptualization:<ref>C. Cheng-Chi, The Practice of Zen (1951) p. 71</ref> as D. T. Suzuki put it, "fire. Mere talking of it will not make the mouth burn".<ref>Quoted in Reynolds, p. 95</ref>
Experiential knowledge has also been used in the philosophy of religion as an argument against God's omniscience, questioning whether God could genuinely know everything, since he (supposedly) cannot know what it is like to sin.<ref>experiential knowledge</ref> Commenting on the distinction between experiential knowledge and propositional knowledge, analytic philosopher and theologian William Lane Craig has stated in an interview<ref>"Is God All Knowing? | Closer to Truth".</ref><ref>"Is God All Knowing? (William Lane Craig)". YouTube.</ref> with Robert Lawrence Kuhn for the PBS series Closer to Truth that because experiential knowledge is appropriate to the mind which does the knowing, in order for omniscience to be a cognitive perfection God's omniscience must entail God know only and all propositional truths and have only appropriate experiential knowledge.
Ecology
Writer Barry Lopez writes about experiential knowledge and how it relates back to the environment,<ref>Barry Lopez, Arctic Dreams (1999)</ref> arguing that without experiencing nature, one cannot fully "know" and understand the relationships within ecosystems.
Therapy
Carl Rogers stressed the importance of experiential knowledge both for the therapist formulating his or her theories, and for the client in therapy<ref>Carl Rogers, On Becoming a Person (1961) p. 184 and p. 103</ref> – both things with which most counsellors would agree.<ref>Burnard, p. 64-5 and p. 78</ref>
As defined by Thomasina Borkman (Emeritus Professor of Sociology, George Mason University) experiential knowledge is the cornerstone of therapy in self-help groups,<ref>K. Humphries, Circles of Recovery (2003) p. 15</ref> as opposed to both lay (general) and professional knowledge. Sharing in such groups is the narration of significant life experiences in a process through which the knowledge derived thereof is validated by the group and transformed into a corpus that becomes their fundamental resource and product.
Neville Symington has argued that one of the central features of the narcissist is a shying away from experiential knowledge, in favour of adopting wholesale a ready-made way of living drawn from other people's experience.<ref>N. Symington, Narcissism (1993) p. 88</ref>
Culture
Helen Vendler has characterised Seamus Heaney's art as, in one respect, recording an experiential learning curve: "we are earthworms of the earth, and all that / has gone through us is what will be our trace".<ref>Heaney, quoted in H. Bloom ed., Seamus Heaney (1986) p. 174</ref>
