Luminous flux
| Luminous flux | |
|---|---|
Common symbols | Φv |
| SI unit | lumen |
| In SI base units | cd⋅sr |
| Dimension | <math>\mathsf{J}</math> |
In photometry, luminous flux or luminous power is the measure of the perceived power of light. It differs from radiant flux, the measure of the total power of electromagnetic radiation (including infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light), in that luminous flux is adjusted to reflect the varying sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light.
Units
The SI unit of luminous flux is the lumen (lm). One lumen is defined as the luminous flux of light produced by a light source that emits one candela of luminous intensity over a solid angle of one steradian.
<math display=block> 1\ \text{lm} = 1\ \text{cd} \times 1\ \text{sr}</math>
In other systems of units, luminous flux may have units of power.
Weighting
The luminous flux accounts for the sensitivity of the eye by weighting the power at each wavelength with the luminosity function, which represents the eye's response to different wavelengths. The luminous flux is a weighted sum of the power at all wavelengths in the visible band. Light outside the visible band does not contribute. The ratio of the total luminous flux to the radiant flux is called the luminous efficacy. This model of the human visual brightness perception, is standardized by the CIE and ISO.<ref>ISO/CIE 23539:2023 CIE TC 2-93 Photometry — The CIE system of physical photometry. ISO/CIE. 2023. doi:10.25039/IS0.CIE.23539.2023.</ref>
Context
Luminous flux is often used as an objective measure of the useful light emitted by a light source, and is typically reported on the packaging for light bulbs, although it is not always prominent. Consumers commonly compare the luminous flux of different light bulbs since it provides an estimate of the apparent amount of light the bulb will produce, and a lightbulb with a higher ratio of luminous flux to consumed power is more efficient.
Luminous flux is not used to compare brightness, as this is a subjective perception which varies according to the distance from the light source and the angular spread of the light from the source.
Measurement
Luminous flux of artificial light sources is typically measured using an integrating sphere, or a goniophotometer outfitted with a photometer or a spectroradiometer. <ref>Schneider, T.; Young, R.; Bergen, T.; Dam-Hansen, C; Goodman, T.; Jordan, W.; Lee, D.-H; Okura, T.; Sperfeld, P.; Thorseth, A; Zong, Y. (2022). CIE 250:2022 Spectroradiometric Measurement of Optical Radiation Sources. Vienna: CIE - International Commission on Illumination. ISBN 978-3-902842-23-7.</ref>
| Quantity | Unit | Dimension <ref group="nb" name="note-dimension-symbol">The symbols in this column denote dimensions; "L", "T" and "J" are for length, time and luminous intensity respectively, not the symbols for the units litre, tesla and joule.</ref> |
Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Symbol<ref group="nb" name="note-suffix-v">Standards organizations recommend that photometric quantities be denoted with a subscript "v" (for "visual") to avoid confusion with radiometric or photon quantities. For example: USA Standard Letter Symbols for Illuminating Engineering USAS Z7.1-1967, Y10.18-1967</ref> | Name | Symbol | ||
| Luminous energy | Qv<ref group="nb" name="note-alternative-symbol-photometric">Alternative symbols sometimes seen: W for luminous energy, P or F for luminous flux, and ρ for luminous efficacy of a source.</ref> | lumen second | lm⋅s | T⋅J | The lumen second is sometimes called the talbot. |
| Luminous flux, luminous power | Φv<ref group="nb" name="note-alternative-symbol-photometric"></ref> | lumen (= candela steradian) | lm (= cd⋅sr) | J | Luminous energy per unit time |
| Luminous intensity | Iv | candela (= lumen per steradian) | cd (= lm/sr) | J | Luminous flux per unit solid angle |
| Luminance | Lv | candela per square metre | cd/m2 (= lm/(sr⋅m2)) | L−2⋅J | Luminous flux per unit solid angle per unit projected source area. The candela per square metre is sometimes called the nit. |
| Illuminance | Ev | lux (= lumen per square metre) | lx (= lm/m2) | L−2⋅J | Luminous flux incident on a surface |
| Luminous exitance, luminous emittance | Mv | lumen per square metre | lm/m2 | L−2⋅J | Luminous flux emitted from a surface |
| Luminous exposure | Hv | lux second | lx⋅s | L−2⋅T⋅J | Time-integrated illuminance |
| Luminous energy density | ωv | lumen second per cubic metre | lm⋅s/m3 | L−3⋅T⋅J | |
| Luminous efficacy (of radiation) | K | lumen per watt | lm/W | M−1⋅L−2⋅T3⋅J | Ratio of luminous flux to radiant flux |
| Luminous efficacy (of a source) | η<ref group="nb" name="note-alternative-symbol-photometric"></ref> | lumen per watt | lm/W | M−1⋅L−2⋅T3⋅J | Ratio of luminous flux to power consumption |
| Luminous efficiency, luminous coefficient | V | 1 | Luminous efficacy normalized by the maximum possible efficacy | ||
| See also: | |||||
Relationship to luminous intensity
Luminous flux (in lumens) is a measure of the total amount of light a lamp puts out. The luminous intensity (in candelas) is a measure of how bright the beam in a particular direction is. If a lamp has a 1 lumen bulb and the optics of the lamp are set up to focus the light evenly into a 1 steradian beam, then the beam would have a luminous intensity of 1 candela. If the optics were changed to concentrate the beam into 1/2 steradian then the source would have a luminous intensity of 2 candela. The resulting beam is narrower and brighter, however the luminous flux remains the same.
Examples
| Source | Luminous flux (lumens) |
|---|---|
| 37 mW "Superbright" white LED | 0.20 |
| 15 mW green laser (532 nm wavelength) | 8.4 |
| 1 W high-output white LED | 25–120 |
| Kerosene lantern | 100 |
| 40 W incandescent lamp at 230 volts | 325 |
| 7 W high-output white LED | 450 |
| 6 W COB filament LED lamp | 600 |
| 18 W fluorescent lamp | 1250 |
| 100 W incandescent lamp | 1750 |
| 40 W fluorescent lamp | 2800 |
| 35 W xenon bulb | 2200–3200 |
| 100 W fluorescent lamp | 8000 |
| 127 W low pressure sodium vapor lamp | 25,000 |
| 400 W metal-halide lamp | 40,000 |
| Values are given for newly manufactured sources. The output from many sources decreases significantly over their lifetime. | |
