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[[Image:World map of submarine cables.png|300px|thumb|Global [[submarine communications cable|submarine cables]] in 2007]] ...laying out physical carriers of information, such as land and [[submarine communications cable|submarine cables]] and [[earth station]]s must be set in operation. I ...

...he ground have to follow the position of the satellites and switch between satellites frequently. ...er=Satellites.spacesim.org |access-date=2016-02-10}}</ref> Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and [[microwave]] [[frequencies]]. To avoid signa ...

...f the book, the histories and theories of aesthetics) and also research in communications and information theory. ...igion, [[telegraph]] and railroad, the radio and airplanes, television and satellites, mobile phones and cars). ...

...ite navigation]] systems, [[satellite television]], and some long-distance communications systems critically rely on [[space infrastructure]]. Of the sciences, [[Out ...

*[[Political communications]] ...www.acc-cca.ca/reg/viewabstract.php?id=221&cf=3 "Maple Leaves, Beavers and Satellites: Technological Nationalism as Philosophy and Theory"], a paper presented by ...

#In 1985, Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries launched two communications satellites called [[ArabSat]]....Their use in...education is limited only by the imagi ...

...ol methodology have helped to make possible space travel and communication satellites, safer and more efficient aircraft, cleaner automobile engines, and cleaner ...ols posed a requirement of discrete control system engineering because the communications between the computer-based digital controller and the physical system are g ...

{{See also|Search for extraterrestrial intelligence#Quantum communications|Ufology}} A study suggests that if ETs exist, they may have established communications network(s) and may already have probes in the solar system whose communicat ...

...ch introduced much more accurate rapid-fire field artillery. Logistics and communications support for land warfare dramatically improved with use of railways and tel ...with arms control treaties signed between the two superpowers. To use spy satellites in such a manner is often referred to in treaties as "national technical me ...

...ncept of collecting [[solar power]] in [[outer space]] with '''solar power satellites''' ('''SPS''') and distributing it to [[Earth]]. Its advantages include a h ...settlement/ssp/library/1981-OTA-SolarPowerSatellites.pdf|title=Solar Power Satellites. Office of Technology Assessment, August 1981. 297 pages.|access-date=2009- ...

...institutional and cultural analyzes and address urgent questions in global communications in the context of economic integration, empire formation, and the tensions <ref>Chakravartty, P. & Zhao, Y. (2008). Global Communications: toward a transcultural political economy. Rowman & Littlefield.</ref> ...

...itle=History of Commercial Radio|date=23 October 2020 |publisher=[[Federal Communications Commission]]|language=en-US|url-status=live|accessdate=14 July 2022|archive ...", meaning "spoke of a wheel, beam of light, ray". It was first applied to communications in 1881 when, at the suggestion of French scientist {{ill|Ernest Mercadier| ...

...portable interaction with satellites, wide angle beam steering, emergency communications devices, [[sensor|micro-sensors]] and portable [[radar|ground-penetrating r ...eless communication]], [[Space Communications and Navigation Program|space communications]], [[GPS]], [[satellite]]s, space vehicle navigation and airplanes. ...

...b>C</sub> vary regionally and depending upon cloud type. Measurements from satellites are gathered in concert with simulations from models in an effort to improv ...the balance of incoming and outgoing [[radiation]] and can be measured by satellites. The [[#Earth's energy imbalance (EEI)|Earth's energy imbalance]] is the "n ...

...]]. In addition, DARPA began to pursue new concepts for small, lightweight satellites ([[LIGHTSAT (DARPA)|LIGHTSAT]]) and directed new programs regarding defense ...d next-generation components to ensure U.S. dominance in Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR), Electron ...

...tocols. These were defined in 1986 as part of the Global System for Mobile Communications ([[GSM]]) series of standards.<ref name="GSM 28/85">GSM Doc 28/85 "Services ...sages, Hillebrand argued that 160 characters was sufficient for most brief communications.<ref name="latimesblogs.latimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.lat ...

...=Proceedings of Papers 5th European Conference on Circuits and Systems for Communications (ECCSC'10) |date=November 2010 |pages=1–8 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ ...band.html |archive-date=2009-05-07 }}</ref> And in 2015 the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) defined "Basic Broadband" as data transmission speeds of ...

== Communications == Grid operators require reliable communications to manage the grid and associated generation and distribution facilities. F ...

...9.html |date=2010-07-13 }} Today, automated astronomical observations from satellites and spacecraft require relativistic corrections of the reported positions.< ...rch bell]]. A signal can be part of a [[conversation]], which involves a [[Communications protocol|protocol]]. Another signal might be the position of the hour hand ...

...7 September 1940.</ref> The system was first demonstrated to the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) on 29 August 1940, and shown to the press on 4 September ...adoption of transmission standards for color television before the Federal Communications Commission, n.p., 1953], 17 v. illus., diagrams., tables. 28 cm. LC Control ...