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...rocess in which temperature is held constant. At constant temperature, the Helmholtz free energy is minimized at equilibrium. ...t occur at constant ''pressure''. For example, in [[explosives]] research Helmholtz free energy is often used, since explosive reactions by their nature induce ...

...yron]] and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], and amateurs such as [[Julius Robert von Mayer]] all contributed to the notion that the ability to perform certain t ...

...rease at most by the amount of work done ''on'' a system isothermally. The Helmholtz free energy has a special theoretical importance since it is proportional t ...either quantity. In [[physics]], ''free energy'' most often refers to the Helmholtz free energy, denoted by {{mvar|A}} (or {{mvar|F}}), while in [[chemistry]], ...

...lectriques de J. Clerk Maxwell: Étude Historique et Critique]''. Paris: A. Hermann</ref> Duhem's book was reviewed in ''Nature''.<ref>W. McF. Orr (1902) [http ...nstinct, without the help of a single mathematical formula."<ref>[[Hermann Helmholtz]] (1881) "On the modern development of Faraday's conception of electricity" ...

...logous results regarding [[sound]] by [[Lord Rayleigh]] and [[light]] by [[Helmholtz]] (Potton, 2004). Loosely, it states that the relationship between an oscil In 1856, [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] wrote: ...

...ut slightly different, meaning of "free" applies in conjunction with the [[Helmholtz free energy]], for systems at constant temperature). However, an increasing ...em (''Gibbs free energy'' ''G'' at ''T'' = constant, ''P'' = constant or ''Helmholtz free energy'' ''F'' at ''T'' = constant, ''V'' = constant), whilst the heat ...

...modern form by the German surgeon [[Julius Robert von Mayer]] in 1842.<ref>von Mayer, J.R. (1842) "Remarks on the forces of inorganic nature" in ''Annalen ...Léonard Sadi Carnot|Sadi Carnot]], and [[Émile Clapeyron]], [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] arrived at conclusions similar to Grove's and published his theories in h ...

and similarly for the other voltages. [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] and [[Sir William Thomson]] showed that the coefficients of potential are ...

...f thermodynamics]] as a scientific discipline generally begins with [[Otto von Guericke]] who, in 1650, built and designed the world's first [[vacuum pump ...uhem, P.M.M. (1886). ''Le Potential Thermodynamique et ses Applications'', Hermann, Paris.</ref> During the early 20th century, chemists such as [[Gilbert N. ...

...on as did [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] somewhat later. Kirchhoff and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] also introduced the unit impulse as a limit of [[Gaussian distribution|Ga ...r-link=Laurent Schwartz|title=Théorie des distributions|volume=1|publisher=Hermann|year=1950}}. ...

In 1663 [[Otto von Guericke]] invented a device that is now recognized as an early (possibly t ...n August Hausen]], substituted a glass ball for the sulphur ball of [[Otto von Guericke|Guericke]]. Bose was the first to employ the "prime conductor" in ...

...charge was conducted away. An important step was around 1663 when [[Otto von Guericke]] invented<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de V. Heathcote |first=N.H. |d ...n.<ref name=":2" /> [[Alessandro Volta|Volta]] and [[Hermann von Helmholtz|Helmholtz]] suggested that the role of sliding was to produce more contacts per secon ...

...rdian.com/news/2005/sep/23/guardianobituaries.mainsection Obituary letter: Hermann Bondi], ''Guardian'', September 23, 2005 (accessed April 29, 2008).</ref> ...0meul/page/n92 74]|author=Michel Meulders|editor=Laurence Garey|chapter=5: Helmholtz and the Understanding of Nature|quote=Du Bois-Reymond was a self-proclaimed ...

...in]], "A Theorist of (Not Quite) Everything" (review of [[David Cahan]], ''Helmholtz: A Life in Science'', University of Chicago Press, 2018, {{ISBN|978-0-226-4 ...d been trained by the great [[organic chemistry|organic chemist]] [[Justus von Liebig]] (1803–1873), who had studied at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne ...