Technocracy movement

Official symbol of the Technocracy movement (Technocracy Inc.). The Monad emblem signifies balance between consumption and production.

The technocracy movement was a social movement active in the United States and Canada in the 1930s which favored technocracy as a system of government over representative democracy and concomitant partisan politics. Historians associate the movement with engineer Howard Scott's Technical Alliance and Technocracy Incorporated, prior to the internal factionalism that dissolved the latter organization during the Second World War. Technocracy was ultimately overshadowed by other proposals for dealing with the crisis of the Great Depression.<ref>Edwin T. Layton. Book review: The Technocrats, Prophets of Automation, Technology and Culture, Vol. 9, No. 2 (April, 1968), pp. 256-257.</ref> The technocracy movement proposed replacing partisan politicians and business people with scientists and engineers who had the technical expertise to manage the economy. But the movement did not fully aspire to scientocracy.<ref name=tay>Peter J. Taylor. Technocratic Optimism, H.T. Odum, and the Partial Transformation of Ecological Metaphor after World War II Journal of the History of Biology, Vol. 21, No. 2, June 1988, p. 213.</ref>

The movement was committed to abstaining from all partisan politics and communist revolution. It gained strength in the 1930s but in 1940, due to opposition to the Second World War, was banned in Canada. The ban was lifted in 1943 when it was apparent that 'Technocracy Inc. was committed to the war effort, proposing a program of total conscription.'<ref name="ualberta.ca">"Technocracy Fonds". ualberta.ca. University of Alberta. Retrieved April 20, 2022.</ref> The movement continued to expand during the remainder of the war and new sections were formed in Ontario and the Maritime Provinces.<ref>Encyclopedia Canadiana, 1968 edition, pp. 29</ref>

The Technocracy movement survives into the present day and, as of 2013, was continuing to publish a newsletter, maintain a website, and hold member meetings.<ref>"TrendEvents" (PDF). Ferndale, WA, USA: Technocracy, Inc. December 31, 2013. pp. 1–10. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</ref> Smaller groups included the Technical Alliance, The New Machine and the Utopian Society of America.

Overview

Technocracy advocates contended that price system-based forms of government and economy are structurally incapable of effective action, and promoted a society headed by technical experts, which they argued would be more rational and productive.<ref name=bur>Beverly H. Burris (1993). Technocracy at work State University of New York Press, p. 28.</ref>

The coming of the Great Depression ushered in radically different ideas of social engineering,<ref name=will>William E. Akin (1977). Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocracy Movement 1900-1941, University of California Press, pp. ix-xiii and p. 110.</ref> culminating in reforms introduced by the New Deal.<ref name=bur/><ref name=will/> By late 1932, various groups across the United States were calling themselves technocrats and proposing reforms.<ref>Beverly H. Burris (1993). Technocracy at work State University of New York Press, p. 30.</ref>

By the mid-1930s, interest in the technocracy movement was declining. Some historians have attributed the decline of the technocracy movement to the rise of Roosevelt's New Deal.<ref>Beverly H. Burris (1993). Technocracy at work State University of New York Press, p. 32.</ref><ref name="Frank Fischer 1990 p. 86">Frank Fischer (1990). Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise, Sage Publications, p. 86.</ref> Historian William E. Akin rejects the conclusion that Technocracy ideas declined because of the attractiveness of Roosevelt and the New Deal. Instead Akin argues that the movement declined in the mid-1930s as a result of the technocrats' failure to devise a 'viable political theory for achieving change' (p. 111 Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocrat Movement, 1900–1941 by William E. Akin). Akin postulates that many technocrats remained vocal and dissatisfied and often sympathetic to anti-New Deal third party efforts.<ref name="NelsonAkin">Nelson, Daniel; Akin, William E. (March 1978). "Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocrat Movement, 1900-1941". Reviews in American History. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 6 (1): 104. doi:10.2307/2701484. JSTOR 2701484.</ref>

One of the most widely circulated images in Technocracy Inc.’s promotional materials, for instance, used the example of a streetcar to argue that design solutions will always succeed where legislation or fines fail. If passengers insist on riding on the car’s dangerous outer platform, leaders need only design cars without platforms. Problem solved.<ref name="washingtonpost/outlook/2018/Wythoff">Wythoff, Grant (August 17, 2018). "Silicon Valley's attempts to self-police are anti-democratic. They're also not new". Washington Post. Retrieved 9 May 2022. Grant Wythoff is a visiting fellow with the Center for Humanities and Information at Pennsylvania State University.</ref>

Origins

The technocratic movement has its origins with the progressive engineers of the early twentieth century and the writings of Edward Bellamy,<ref name="HenryEl" >Elsner, Henry Jr. (1967). The Technocrats: Prophets of Automation. Syracuse University.</ref> along with some of the later works of Thorstein Veblen such as Engineers And The Price System written in 1921.<ref name=autogenerated1>Donald R. Stabile, Veblen and the Political Economy of the Engineer: the radical thinker and engineering leaders came to technocratic ideas at the same time, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol, 45, No. 1, 1986, pp. 43-44.</ref><ref>Janet Knoedler and Anne Mayhew. Thorstein Veblen and the Engineers: A Reinterpretation History of Political Economy 1999 Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 255-272.</ref><ref>Frank Fischer (1990). Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise, Sage Publications, p. 84.</ref> William H. Smyth, a California engineer, invented the word technocracy in 1919 to describe "the rule of the people made effective through the agency of their servants, the scientists and engineers",<ref>Barry Jones (1995, fourth edition). Sleepers, Wake! Technology and the Future of Work, Oxford University Press, p. 214.</ref><ref>Raymond, Allen (1933). What is Technocracy? | McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., LTD.</ref> and in the 1920s it was used to describe the works of Thorstein Veblen.<ref name=Akin1977/>

Early technocratic organisations formed after the First World War. These included Henry Gantt’s "The New Machine" and Veblen’s "Soviet of Technicians". These organisations folded after a short time.<ref name=Akin1977>Akin, William E. (1977). Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocrat Movement, 1900-1941. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03110-5.</ref> Writers such as Henry Gantt, Thorstein Veblen, and Howard Scott suggested that businesspeople were incapable of reforming their industries in the public interest and that control of industry should thus be given to engineers.<ref>"Howard Scott". Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref>

United States and Canada

A sign on the outskirts of a Depression-era town about meetings of the local technocracy branch.

Howard Scott has been called the "founder of the technocracy movement"<ref name=tay/> and he started the Technical Alliance in New York near the end of 1919. Members of the Alliance were mostly scientists and engineers. The Technical Alliance started an Energy Survey of North America, which aimed to provide a scientific background from which ideas about a new social structure could be developed.<ref name="BEW8">"Questioning of M. King Hubbert, Division of Supply and Resources, before the Board of Economic Warfare" (PDF). 1943-04-14. Retrieved 2008-05-04.p8-9 (p18-9 of PDF)</ref> However the group broke up in 1921<ref>William E. Akin (1977). Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocracy Movement 1900-1941, University of California Press, p. 37.</ref> before the survey was completed.<ref>William E. Akin (1977). Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocracy Movement 1900-1941, University of California Press, pp. 61-62.</ref>

In 1932, Scott and others interested in the problems of technological growth and economic change began meeting in New York City. Their ideas gained national attention and the "Committee on Technocracy" was formed at Columbia University, by Howard Scott and Walter Rautenstrauch.<ref>William E. Akin (1977). Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocracy Movement 1900-1941, University of California Press, p. ix.</ref> However, the group was short-lived and in January 1933<ref>William E. Akin (1977). Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocracy Movement 1900-1941, University of California Press, p. 96.</ref> splintered into two other groups, the "Continental Committee on Technocracy" (led by Harold Loeb) and "Technocracy Incorporated" (led by Scott).<ref>Jack Salzman (1986). American studies: an annotated bibliography, Volume 2 p. 1596.</ref><ref name=seg>Howard P. Segal (2005). Technological Utopianism in American Culture Syracuse University Press, p. 123.</ref> Smaller groups included the Technical Alliance, The New Machine and the Utopian Society of America, though Bellamy had the most success due to his nationalistic stances, and Veblen's rhetoric, removing the current pricing system and his blueprint for a national directorate to reorganize all produced goods and supply, and ultimately to radically increase all industrial output.<ref name=loeb>Harold Loeb (1933). Life in a technocracy: what it might be like p. xv.</ref><ref name=seg2>Howard P. Segal (2005). American studies: an annotated bibliography, Volume 2 p. 1596.</ref>

At the core of Scott's vision was "an energy theory of value". Since the basic measure common to the production of all goods and services was energy, he reasoned "that the sole scientific foundation for the monetary system was also energy", and that by using an energy metric instead of a monetary metric (energy certificates or 'energy accounting') a more efficient design of society could be made.<ref name=nye>David E. Nye (1992). Electrifying America: social meanings of a new technology, 1880-1940 pp. 343-344.</ref> Technocracy Inc. officials wore a uniform, consisting of a "well-tailored double-breasted suit, gray shirt, and blue necktie, with a monad insignia on the lapel", and its members saluted Scott in public.<ref name=bur/><ref>William E. Akin (1977). Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocracy Movement 1900-1941, University of California Press, p. 101.</ref>

Public interest in technocracy peaked in the early 1930s:

Technocracy's heyday lasted only from June 16, 1932, when the New York Times became the first influential press organ to report its activities, until January 13, 1933, when Scott, attempting to silence his critics, delivered what some critics called a confusing, and uninspiring address on a well-publicized nationwide radio hookup.<ref name=seg/>

Following Scott's radio address (Hotel Pierre Address),<ref>"Technocracy Incorporated". technocracy.org. Archived from the original on 20 May 2001.</ref> the condemnation of both him and technocracy in general reached a peak. The press and businesspeople reacted with ridicule and almost unanimous hostility. The American Engineering Council charged the technocrats with "unprofessional activity, questionable data, and drawing unwarranted conclusions".<ref>William E. Akin (1977). Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocracy Movement 1900-1941, University of California Press, p. 88.</ref>

The technocrats made a believable case for a kind of technological utopia, but their asking price was too high. The idea of political democracy still represented a stronger ideal than technological elitism. In the end, critics believed that the socially desirable goals that technology made possible could be achieved without the sacrifice of existing institutions and values and without incurring the apocalypse that technocracy predicted.<ref>William E. Akin (1977). Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocracy Movement 1900-1941, University of California Press, p. 150.</ref>

The faction-ridden Continental Committee on Technocracy collapsed in October 1936.<ref name="seg"/><ref name=loe>Harold Loeb and Howard P. Segal (1996). Life in a technocracy: what it might be like p. xv.</ref> However, Technocracy Incorporated continued.<ref name="Frank Fischer 1990 p. 86"/><ref name=ad>David Adair (1967). The Technocrats 1919-1967: A Case Study of Conflict and Change in a Social Movement</ref>

On October 7, 1940, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police arrested members of Technocracy Incorporated, charging them with belonging to an illegal organisation. One of the arrested was Joshua Norman Haldeman, a Regina chiropractor, former director of Technocracy Incorporated, and the grandfather of Elon Musk.<ref>Basen, Ira (June 28, 2021). "In science we trust". CBC News. Retrieved December 20, 2023.</ref><ref>"Police Hold Technocrat Haldeman". The Regina Leader-Post. October 8, 1940. p. 16. Retrieved December 20, 2023.</ref>

There were some speaking tours of the US and Canada in 1946 and 1947, and a motorcade from Los Angeles to Vancouver:<ref>David Adair (1967). The Technocrats 1919-1967: A Case Study of Conflict and Change in a Social Movement p. 101.</ref>

Hundreds of cars, trucks, and trailers, all regulation grey, from all over the Pacific Northwest, participated. An old school bus, repainted and retrofitted with sleeping and office facilities, a two-way radio, and a public address system, impressed observers. A huge war surplus searchlight mounted on a truck bed was included, and grey-painted motorcycles acted as parade marshals. A small grey aircraft, with a Monad symbol on its wings, flew overhead. All this was recorded by the Technocrats on 16-mm 900-foot colour film.<ref>David Adair (1967). The Technocrats 1919-1967: A Case Study of Conflict and Change in a Social Movement p. 103.</ref>

1948 saw a decline in activity and considerable internal dissent. One central factor contributing to this dissent was that "the Price System had not collapsed, and predictions about the expected demise were becoming more and more vague".<ref name=da/> Some quite specific predictions about the price system collapse were made during the Great Depression, the first giving 1937 as the date, and the second forecasting the collapse as occurring "prior to 1940".<ref name=da>David Adair (1967). The Technocrats 1919-1967: A Case Study of Conflict and Change in a Social Movement p. 111.</ref>

Membership and activity declined steadily in the years after 1948, but some activity persisted, mostly around Vancouver in Canada and on the West Coast of the United States. Technocracy Incorporated currently maintains a website and distributes a monthly newsletter and holds membership meetings.<ref>"Technocracy Inc".</ref>

An extensive archive of Technocracy's materials is held at the University of Alberta, in Canada.<ref name="ualberta.ca"/>

Technocrats plan

In a publication from 1938 Technocracy Inc. the main organization made the following statement in defining their proposal.

Technocracy is the science of social engineering, the scientific operation of the entire social mechanism to produce and distribute goods and services to the entire population of this continent. For the first time in human history it will be done as a scientific, technical, engineering problem. There will be no place for Politics or Politicians, Finance or Financiers, Rackets or Racketeers. Technocracy states that this method of operating the social mechanism of the North American Continent is now mandatory because we have passed from a state of actual scarcity into the present status of potential abundance in which we are now held to an artificial scarcity forced upon us in order to continue a Price System which can distribute goods only by means of a medium of exchange. Technocracy states that price and abundance are incompatible; the greater the abundance the smaller the price. In a real abundance there can be no price at all. Only by abandoning the interfering price control and substituting a scientific method of production and distribution can an abundance be achieved. Technocracy will distribute by means of a certificate of distribution available to every citizen from birth to death. The Technate will encompass the entire American Continent from Panama to the North Pole because the natural resources and the natural boundary of this area make it an independent, self-sustaining geographical unit.<ref>"The Technocrat - Vol. 3 - No. 4 - September 1937". September 29, 1937 – via Internet Archive.</ref>

Calendar

A Technocratic work schedule

The Technocratic movement planned to reform the work schedule, to achieve the goal of uninterrupted production, maximizing the efficiency and profitability of resources, transport and entertainment facilities, avoiding the "weekend effect".<ref name="eisner">Henry Elsner, The Technocrats : Prophets of Automation, Syracuse University Press, 1967</ref>

According to the movement's calculations, it would be enough that every citizen worked a cycle of four consecutive days, four hours a day, followed by three days off. By "tiling" the days and working hours of seven groups, industry and services could be operated 24 hours a day, seven days a week. This system would include holiday periods allocated to each citizen.<ref name="eisner"/>

Europe

In Germany before the Second World War, a technocratic movement based on the American model introduced by Technocracy Incorporated existed but ran afoul of the political system there.<ref>Renneberg, Monika; Walker, Mark (25 September 2003). Science, Technology, and National Socialism. ISBN 9780521528603.</ref>

There was also a Soviet movement whose early history resembled the North American one during the interwar period. One of its leading members was engineer Peter Palchinsky, technocratic ideology was also promoted by the Engineer's Herald journal. The Soviet technocrats advanced the scientization of the economic development, management as well as industrial and organizational psychology under the slogan "The future belongs to the managing-engineers and the engineering-managers.". Those viewpoints were supported by leading Right Opposition members Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Rykov. The promotion of an alternative view on the country's industrialization and the engineer's role in society incurred Joseph Stalin's wrath. Palchinsky was executed in 1929, a year later leading Soviet engineers were accused of an anti-government conspiracy in the Industrial Party Trial. A large scale persecution of engineers followed, forcing them to focus on narrow technical issues assigned to them by communist party leaders.<ref>Graham, Loren R. (1993). Science in Russia and the Soviet Union. pp. 160–164. ISBN 9780521287890.</ref> The concept of Tectology developed by Alexander Bogdanov, perhaps the most important of the non-Leninist Bolsheviks, bears some semblance to technocratic ideas. Both Bogdanov's fiction and his political writings as presented by Zenovia Sochor,<ref>Zenovia Sochor: Revolution and Culture:The Bogdanov-Lenin Controversy, Cornell University Press 1988</ref> imply that he expected a coming revolution against capitalism to lead to a technocratic society.<ref>"Bogdanov, technocracy and socialism". worldsocialism.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2009-11-10.</ref>

External links

• Official site
• David Adair (1970). The Technocrats 1919-1967: A Case Study of Conflict and Change in a Social Movement @ CORE (research service)
• Technocracy Inc. (1933). Introduction to Technocracy. John Day Company – via Internet Archive.
• "Technocracy Incorporated (Magazine and Related) : Free Texts : Free Download". Internet Archive.